Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,353 questions in 210 reviews · Neonatal
current versionsNo studies 432 · 18.4%Ungraded 99 · 4.2%Very low 609 · 25.9%Low 737 · 31.3%Moderate 385 · 16.4%High 91 · 3.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Summary of findings table ‐ Salbutamol vs placebo Mortality within the trial period · preterm infants (< 37 weeks GA) at risk of chronic lung disease Inhaled bronchodilators for the prevention and treatment of chronic lung disease in preterm infants (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.5, 2.31] | 1 study · 173 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Salbutamol vs placebo Chronic lung disease at 28 days · preterm infants (< 37 weeks GA) at risk of chronic lung disease Inhaled bronchodilators for the prevention and treatment of chronic lung disease in preterm infants (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.78, 1.37] | 1 study · 173 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Salbutamol vs placebo Adverse effects of bronchodilators, including hypokalaemia, tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmia, tremor, hypertension and hyperglycaemia ‐ not reported · preterm infants (< 37 weeks GA) at risk of chronic lung disease Inhaled bronchodilators for the prevention and treatment of chronic lung disease in preterm infants (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Salbutamol vs placebo Pneumothorax · preterm infants (< 37 weeks GA) at risk of chronic lung disease Inhaled bronchodilators for the prevention and treatment of chronic lung disease in preterm infants (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 173 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Early developmental intervention programmes vs standard follow‐up Cognitive outcome in infancy ‐ DQ (Bayley, Griffiths, Brunet‐Leizine) · preterm infants Early developmental intervention programmes provided post hospital discharge to prevent motor and cognitive… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 25 studies · 3132 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Early developmental intervention programmes vs standard follow‐up Cognitive outcome at preschool age ‐ IQ (Bayley, Stanford‐Binet, McCarthy, WPPSI‐III) · preterm infants Early developmental intervention programmes provided post hospital discharge to prevent motor and cognitive… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 1524 participants | High |
Summary of findings table ‐ Early developmental intervention programmes vs standard follow‐up Cognitive outcome at school age ‐ IQ (WISC, Kaufmann, DAS, WASI‐II) · preterm infants Early developmental intervention programmes provided post hospital discharge to prevent motor and cognitive… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 1453 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Early developmental intervention programmes vs standard follow‐up Motor outcome in infancy (Bayley, Griffiths Locomotor) · preterm infants Early developmental intervention programmes provided post hospital discharge to prevent motor and cognitive… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 23 studies · 2737 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Early developmental intervention programmes vs standard follow‐up Motor outcome at preschool age (Griffiths Locomotor, McCarthy, MABC) · preterm infants Early developmental intervention programmes provided post hospital discharge to prevent motor and cognitive… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 264 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Early developmental intervention programmes vs standard follow‐up Motor outcome at school age (Griffiths Locomotor, MABC) · preterm infants Early developmental intervention programmes provided post hospital discharge to prevent motor and cognitive… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 265 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Early developmental intervention programmes vs standard follow‐up Motor outcome at school age (low score on MABC) · preterm infants Early developmental intervention programmes provided post hospital discharge to prevent motor and cognitive… (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.82, 1.32] | 3 studies · 413 participants | Low |
Surfactant administration via laryngeal mask airway (S‐LMA) vs surfactant administration via endotracheal tube (ETT) with the intent to rapidly extubate (InSurE) Death or bronchopulmonary dysplasia · preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome Laryngeal mask airway surfactant administration for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants… (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.5 [0.27, 8.34] | 2 studies · 110 participants | Low |
Surfactant administration via laryngeal mask airway (S‐LMA) vs surfactant administration via endotracheal tube (ETT) with extubation at standard criteria (S‐ETT) Pulmonary air leak, any (during first hospitalisation) Anytime to discharge · preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome Laryngeal mask airway surfactant administration for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants… (2024) · Cochrane | RR 2.56 [0.11, 59.75] | 1 study · 48 participants | Very low |
Surfactant administration via laryngeal mask airway (S‐LMA) vs surfactant administration via endotracheal tube (ETT) with extubation at standard criteria (S‐ETT) Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (clinical definition) among survivors · preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome Laryngeal mask airway surfactant administration for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Surfactant administration via laryngeal mask airway (S‐LMA) vs surfactant administration via endotracheal tube (ETT) with extubation at standard criteria (S‐ETT) Intraventricular haemorrhage grade III and IV Anytime to discharge · preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome Laryngeal mask airway surfactant administration for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants… (2024) · Cochrane | RR 2.56 [0.11, 59.75] | 1 study · 48 participants | Very low |
Surfactant administration via laryngeal mask airway (S‐LMA) vs surfactant administration via endotracheal tube (ETT) with extubation at standard criteria (S‐ETT) Death (all causes) during the first hospitalisation Anytime to discharge · preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome Laryngeal mask airway surfactant administration for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants… (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.17 [0.01, 3.37] | 1 study · 48 participants | Very low |
Surfactant administration via laryngeal mask airway (S‐LMA) vs surfactant administration via endotracheal tube (ETT) with extubation at standard criteria (S‐ETT) Neurosensory disability in survivors · preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome Laryngeal mask airway surfactant administration for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Surfactant administration via laryngeal mask airway (S‐LMA) vs no surfactant administration Death or bronchopulmonary dysplasia · preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome Laryngeal mask airway surfactant administration for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants… (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.65 [0.85, 3.22] | 2 studies · 129 participants | Low |
Surfactant administration via laryngeal mask airway (S‐LMA) vs no surfactant administration Mechanical ventilation at any time At any time to discharge · preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome Laryngeal mask airway surfactant administration for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants… (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.57 [0.38, 0.85] | 2 studies · 129 participants | Moderate |
Surfactant administration via laryngeal mask airway (S‐LMA) vs no surfactant administration Pulmonary air leak, any (during first hospitalisation) Anytime to discharge · preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome Laryngeal mask airway surfactant administration for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants… (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.65 [0.23, 1.88] | 2 studies · 129 participants | Low |
Surfactant administration via laryngeal mask airway (S‐LMA) vs no surfactant administration Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (clinical definition) among survivors · preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome Laryngeal mask airway surfactant administration for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants… (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.65 [0.85, 3.22] | 2 studies · 129 participants | Low |
Surfactant administration via laryngeal mask airway (S‐LMA) vs no surfactant administration Intraventricular haemorrhage grade III and IV Anytime to discharge · preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome Laryngeal mask airway surfactant administration for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 103 participants | Very low |
Surfactant administration via laryngeal mask airway (S‐LMA) vs surfactant administration via endotracheal tube (ETT) with the intent to rapidly extubate (InSurE) Mechanical ventilation at any time Any time to discharge · preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome Laryngeal mask airway surfactant administration for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants… (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.53 [0.36, 0.78] | 5 studies · 333 participants | Low |
Surfactant administration via laryngeal mask airway (S‐LMA) vs no surfactant administration Death (all causes) during the first hospitalisation Anytime to discharge · preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome Laryngeal mask airway surfactant administration for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 103 participants | Very low |
Surfactant administration via laryngeal mask airway (S‐LMA) vs no surfactant administration Neurosensory disability in survivors · preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome Laryngeal mask airway surfactant administration for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Surfactant administration via laryngeal mask airway (S‐LMA) vs surfactant administration via endotracheal tube (ETT) with the intent to rapidly extubate (InSurE) Pulmonary air leak, any (during first hospitalisation) Anytime to discharge · preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome Laryngeal mask airway surfactant administration for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants… (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.39 [0.65, 2.98] | 5 studies · 333 participants | Low |
Surfactant administration via laryngeal mask airway (S‐LMA) vs surfactant administration via endotracheal tube (ETT) with the intent to rapidly extubate (InSurE) Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (clinical definition) among survivors · preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome Laryngeal mask airway surfactant administration for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants… (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.28 [0.47, 3.52] | 4 studies · 264 participants | Low |
Surfactant administration via laryngeal mask airway (S‐LMA) vs surfactant administration via endotracheal tube (ETT) with the intent to rapidly extubate (InSurE) Intraventricular haemorrhage grade III and IV Anytime to discharge · preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome Laryngeal mask airway surfactant administration for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 50 participants | Very low |
Surfactant administration via laryngeal mask airway (S‐LMA) vs surfactant administration via endotracheal tube (ETT) with the intent to rapidly extubate (InSurE) Death (all causes) during the first hospitalisation Anytime to discharge · preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome Laryngeal mask airway surfactant administration for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants… (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.28 [0.01, 6.6] | 3 studies · 203 participants | Low |
Surfactant administration via laryngeal mask airway (S‐LMA) vs surfactant administration via endotracheal tube (ETT) with the intent to rapidly extubate (InSurE) Neurosensory disability in survivors · preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome Laryngeal mask airway surfactant administration for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Surfactant administration via laryngeal mask airway (S‐LMA) vs surfactant administration via endotracheal tube (ETT) with extubation at standard criteria (S‐ETT) Death or bronchopulmonary dysplasia · preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome Laryngeal mask airway surfactant administration for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Surfactant administration via laryngeal mask airway (S‐LMA) vs surfactant administration via endotracheal tube (ETT) with extubation at standard criteria (S‐ETT) Mechanical ventilation at any time Any time to discharge · preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome Laryngeal mask airway surfactant administration for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants… (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.47 [0.31, 0.71] | 1 study · 48 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Early amino acids vs Late amino acids Growth during the first month of life · neonates born at <37 weeks of gestation Early versus late administration of amino acids in preterm infants receiving parenteral nutrition (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings table ‐ Early amino acids vs Late amino acids Growth during the first month of life · neonates born at <37 weeks of gestation Early versus late administration of amino acids in preterm infants receiving parenteral nutrition (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 21 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Early amino acids vs Late amino acids Growth during first month of life · neonates born at <37 weeks of gestation Early versus late administration of amino acids in preterm infants receiving parenteral nutrition (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 87 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Early amino acids vs Late amino acids Discharge weight · neonates born at <37 weeks of gestation Early versus late administration of amino acids in preterm infants receiving parenteral nutrition (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings table ‐ Early amino acids vs Late amino acids Neurodevelopmental outcome assessed by any standard tool · neonates born at <37 weeks of gestation Early versus late administration of amino acids in preterm infants receiving parenteral nutrition (2024) · Cochrane | OR 0.83 [0.21, 3.28] | 1 study · 111 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Early amino acids vs Late amino acids All‐cause mortality at 28 days and before discharge from hospital · neonates born at <37 weeks of gestation Early versus late administration of amino acids in preterm infants receiving parenteral nutrition (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings table ‐ Early amino acids vs Late amino acids Nitrogen balance · neonates born at <37 weeks of gestation Early versus late administration of amino acids in preterm infants receiving parenteral nutrition (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 93 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Silicone earplugs vs no earplugs Cerebral palsy at 18 to 22 months' corrected age · preterm or very low birth weight infants Noise or sound management in the neonatal intensive care unit for preterm or very low birth weight infants (2024) · Cochrane | RR 3 [0.15, 61.74] | 1 study · 12 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Silicone earplugs vs no earplugs Mental Developmental Index (Bayley II) at 18 to 22 months' corrected age · preterm or very low birth weight infants Noise or sound management in the neonatal intensive care unit for preterm or very low birth weight infants (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 12 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Silicone earplugs vs no earplugs Normal auditory functioning at discharge · preterm or very low birth weight infants Noise or sound management in the neonatal intensive care unit for preterm or very low birth weight infants (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.65 [0.93, 2.94] | 1 study · 21 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Silicone earplugs vs no earplugs All‐cause mortality during hospital stay · preterm or very low birth weight infants Noise or sound management in the neonatal intensive care unit for preterm or very low birth weight infants (2024) · Cochrane | RR 2.07 [0.64, 6.7] | 1 study · 34 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Silicone earplugs vs no earplugs Weight (kg) at 18 months' corrected age or later · preterm or very low birth weight infants Noise or sound management in the neonatal intensive care unit for preterm or very low birth weight infants (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 14 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Silicone earplugs vs no earplugs Height at 18 months' corrected age or later · preterm or very low birth weight infants Noise or sound management in the neonatal intensive care unit for preterm or very low birth weight infants (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 14 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Silicone earplugs vs no earplugs Days of assisted ventilation · preterm or very low birth weight infants Noise or sound management in the neonatal intensive care unit for preterm or very low birth weight infants (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 24 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Silicone earplugs vs no earplugs Days of initial hospitalisation · preterm or very low birth weight infants Noise or sound management in the neonatal intensive care unit for preterm or very low birth weight infants (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 24 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) screening vs visual assessment Readmission for phototherapy for hyperbilirubinemia · newborns for hyperbilirubinemia Transcutaneous bilirubinometry for detecting jaundice in term or late preterm neonates (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.25 [0.14, 0.46] | 1 study · 1858 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) screening vs visual assessment Exchange transfusion · newborns for hyperbilirubinemia Transcutaneous bilirubinometry for detecting jaundice in term or late preterm neonates (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.2 [0.01, 4.16] | 1 study · 1858 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) screening vs visual assessment Phototherapy before hospital discharge · newborns for hyperbilirubinemia Transcutaneous bilirubinometry for detecting jaundice in term or late preterm neonates (2024) · Cochrane | RR 2.67 [1.56, 4.55] | 1 study · 1858 participants | Moderate |