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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
75,239 questions in 5,342 reviews
current versionsNo studies 15,213 · 20.2%Ungraded 10,323 · 13.7%Very low 17,528 · 23.3%Low 17,951 · 23.9%Moderate 11,190 · 14.9%High 3,034 · 4%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Refusal to participate (participation rates of consumers) · Patients with Gulf War veterans' illness Methods of consumer involvement in developing healthcare policy and research, clinical practice guidelines… (2006) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1092 participants | Low |
Intervention NR MD: Mean difference · Mental health patients Methods of consumer involvement in developing healthcare policy and research, clinical practice guidelines… (2006) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Healthcare priorities (consumer influence on decisions) · Consumers of a community organization Methods of consumer involvement in developing healthcare policy and research, clinical practice guidelines… (2006) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 29 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Anxiety (consumer influence on healthcare outcomes) · patients undergoing endoscopy or patients who receive PCA Methods of consumer involvement in developing healthcare policy and research, clinical practice guidelines… (2006) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 335 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Satisfaction with information material (consumers' satisfaction with products resulting from consumer involvement) · patients undergoing endoscopy or patients who receive PCA Methods of consumer involvement in developing healthcare policy and research, clinical practice guidelines… (2006) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 335 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Knowledge of patient‐controlled analgesia (consumer influence on healthcare outcomes) · patients undergoing endoscopy or patients who receive PCA Methods of consumer involvement in developing healthcare policy and research, clinical practice guidelines… (2006) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 100 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Understanding (consumer influence on healthcare outcomes) Informed Consent Questionnaire‐4. Scale from: 0 to 1. ( · Patients with Gulf War veterans' illness Methods of consumer involvement in developing healthcare policy and research, clinical practice guidelines… (2006) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1092 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Satisfaction (consumer satisfaction resulting from consumer involvement) · Patients with Gulf War veterans' illness Methods of consumer involvement in developing healthcare policy and research, clinical practice guidelines… (2006) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1092 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Adherence (participation rates of consumers) · Patients with Gulf War veterans' illness Methods of consumer involvement in developing healthcare policy and research, clinical practice guidelines… (2006) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1092 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Number of ARTIs · children (age < 18 years) susceptible to acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) Immunostimulants for preventing respiratory tract infection in children (2006) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 35 studies · 4060 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Percent difference in ARTIs · children (age < 18 years) susceptible to acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) Immunostimulants for preventing respiratory tract infection in children (2006) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 35 studies · 4060 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Incidence of gastrointestinal adverse events · children (age < 18 years) susceptible to acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) Immunostimulants for preventing respiratory tract infection in children (2006) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 1457 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Incidence of skin adverse events · children (age < 18 years) susceptible to acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) Immunostimulants for preventing respiratory tract infection in children (2006) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 1469 participants | Low |
Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) combined with bone substitutes/graft vs Open flap debridement (access flap surgery) Change in clinical attachment level (attachment gain) · Patients with chronic periodontitis (aged 21 years or older) with periodontal infra-bony defects; furcation-involved… · >=12 months Guided tissue regeneration for periodontal infra-bony defects (2006) · Cochrane | MD 1.25 [0.89, 1.61] | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) with barrier membrane (resorbable or non-resorbable) vs Open flap debridement (access flap surgery) Change in probing depth (probing depth reduction) · Patients with chronic periodontitis (aged 21 years or older) with periodontal infra-bony defects; furcation-involved… · >=12 months Guided tissue regeneration for periodontal infra-bony defects (2006) · Cochrane | MD 1.21 [0.53, 1.88] | 11 studies | Ungraded |
Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) with barrier membrane (resorbable or non-resorbable) vs Open flap debridement (access flap surgery) Disease recurrence (% sites with >=2 mm loss of probing attachment from 12 months after treatment) · Patients with chronic periodontitis (aged 21 years or older) with periodontal infra-bony defects; furcation-involved… Guided tissue regeneration for periodontal infra-bony defects (2006) · Cochrane | No data were found for this outcome (listed under 'Other outcomes: No data were found for the following outcomes'). | 0 studies | No studies |
Potassium containing toothpaste (5% potassium nitrate) vs Control toothpaste (without potassium) Air blast sensitivity · Healthy human adults (18 years or more) with dentine hypersensitivity from exposed root surfaces · 6 to 8 weeks Potassium containing toothpastes for dentine hypersensitivity (2006) · Cochrane | SMD -1.25 [-1.65, -0.85] | 6 studies · 392 participants | Ungraded |
Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) with barrier membrane (resorbable or non-resorbable) vs Open flap debridement (access flap surgery) Ease of maintenance (% of sites with <4 mm probing depth) · Patients with chronic periodontitis (aged 21 years or older) with periodontal infra-bony defects; furcation-involved… Guided tissue regeneration for periodontal infra-bony defects (2006) · Cochrane | No data were found for this outcome (listed under 'Other outcomes: No data were found for the following outcomes'). | 0 studies | No studies |
Potassium containing toothpaste (5% potassium nitrate) vs Control toothpaste (without potassium) Tactile sensitivity (method b, continuous probe) · Healthy human adults (18 years or more) with dentine hypersensitivity from exposed root surfaces · 6 to 8 weeks Potassium containing toothpastes for dentine hypersensitivity (2006) · Cochrane | SMD 1.19 [0.79, 1.59] | 5 studies · 356 participants | Ungraded |
Tongue scraping (mechanical tongue cleaning) vs Mouthwash or other chemical intervention Outcome NR · Adults (over 18 years) with a clinical or self-assessed diagnosis of halitosis · Minimum 4 weeks (planned) Tongue scraping for treating halitosis (2006) · Cochrane | No randomized controlled trials comparing mechanical tongue cleaning with mouthwashes were identified; the review notes "the somewhat unexpected lack of randomized controlled trials comparing the effectiveness of… | 0 studies | No studies |
Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) combined with bone substitutes/graft vs Open flap debridement (access flap surgery) Change in probing depth (probing depth reduction) · Patients with chronic periodontitis (aged 21 years or older) with periodontal infra-bony defects; furcation-involved… · >=12 months Guided tissue regeneration for periodontal infra-bony defects (2006) · Cochrane | MD 1.24 [0.89, 1.59] | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) combined with bone substitutes/graft vs Open flap debridement (access flap surgery) Change in gingival recession · Patients with chronic periodontitis (aged 21 years or older) with periodontal infra-bony defects; furcation-involved… · >=12 months Guided tissue regeneration for periodontal infra-bony defects (2006) · Cochrane | MD -0.33 [-0.43, -0.23] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) with barrier membrane (resorbable or non-resorbable) vs Open flap debridement (access flap surgery) Patient well-being / quality of life · Patients with chronic periodontitis (aged 21 years or older) with periodontal infra-bony defects; furcation-involved… Guided tissue regeneration for periodontal infra-bony defects (2006) · Cochrane | Cortellini 2001: 36% of GTR patients reported the procedure interfered with daily activity for an average of 2.7 days versus 32% of controls for an average of 2.4 days; no significant difference for postoperative pain… | 1 study | Ungraded |
Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) with barrier membrane (resorbable or non-resorbable) vs Open flap debridement (access flap surgery) Post-operative complications / adverse effects (including pain, infection) · Patients with chronic periodontitis (aged 21 years or older) with periodontal infra-bony defects; furcation-involved… Guided tissue regeneration for periodontal infra-bony defects (2006) · Cochrane | Adverse effects were generally minor. Healing was generally uneventful for both test and control groups. Exposure of the GTR barrier membrane was widely reported, ranging from 20% of sites (non-resorbable… | 16 studies | Ungraded |
Lingualised teeth (maxillary anatomic + mandibular non-anatomic; lingualised occlusion scheme) vs Zero-degree teeth (non-anatomic, cuspless) Number of denture adjustments required · Edentulous adult patients requiring complete dentures · 3 weeks per denture set (cross-over) Interventions for replacing missing teeth: denture chewing surface designs in edentulous people (2005) · Cochrane | No statistically significant difference was found between the two occlusal patterns with regard to the number of adjustments required. | 1 study · 30 participants | Ungraded |
Lingualised teeth (maxillary anatomic + mandibular non-anatomic; lingualised occlusion scheme) vs Zero-degree teeth (non-anatomic, cuspless) Patient perceived comfort · Edentulous adult patients requiring complete dentures Interventions for replacing missing teeth: denture chewing surface designs in edentulous people (2005) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lingualised teeth (maxillary anatomic + mandibular non-anatomic; lingualised occlusion scheme) vs Zero-degree teeth (non-anatomic, cuspless) Patient perceived masticatory/chewing efficiency · Edentulous adult patients requiring complete dentures Interventions for replacing missing teeth: denture chewing surface designs in edentulous people (2005) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Mortality · children with measles Vitamin A for treating measles in children (2005) · Cochrane | RR 0.7 [0.42, 1.15] | 8 studies · 2574 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Pneumonia‐specific mortality · children with measles Vitamin A for treating measles in children (2005) · Cochrane | RR 0.57 [0.24, 1.37] | 4 studies · 723 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Duration of pneumonia · children with measles Vitamin A for treating measles in children (2005) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 249 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Duration of diarrhea in days · children with measles Vitamin A for treating measles in children (2005) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 249 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Hospital stay in days · children with measles Vitamin A for treating measles in children (2005) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 278 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Duration of fever in days · children with measles Vitamin A for treating measles in children (2005) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 149 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Trabeculectomy failure at 12 months · People undergoing trabeculectomy surgery with glaucoma Intraoperative Mitomycin C for glaucoma surgery (2005) · Cochrane | RR 0.37 [0.26, 0.51] | 11 studies · 698 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR mean intraocular pressure mmHg at 12 months · People undergoing trabeculectomy surgery with glaucoma Intraoperative Mitomycin C for glaucoma surgery (2005) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 380 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR complications wound leak by 12 months · People undergoing trabeculectomy surgery with glaucoma Intraoperative Mitomycin C for glaucoma surgery (2005) · Cochrane | RR 1.84 [0.72, 4.66] | 7 studies · 333 participants | Low |
Intervention NR complications hypotony occurring up to 12 months · People undergoing trabeculectomy surgery with glaucoma Intraoperative Mitomycin C for glaucoma surgery (2005) · Cochrane | RR 1.8 [0.79, 4.12] | 10 studies · 488 participants | Low |
Intervention NR complications shallow anterior chamber occurring within 12 months · People undergoing trabeculectomy surgery with glaucoma Intraoperative Mitomycin C for glaucoma surgery (2005) · Cochrane | RR 1.14 [0.42, 3.07] | 10 studies · 441 participants | Low |
Intervention NR cataract formation by 12 months · People undergoing trabeculectomy surgery with glaucoma Intraoperative Mitomycin C for glaucoma surgery (2005) · Cochrane | RR 1.8 [1, 3.22] | 7 studies · 482 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Pain based on WOMAC pain scale Scale from: 0 (no pain) to 20 (worst pain). ( · patients with treating osteoarthritis Glucosamine therapy for treating osteoarthritis (2005) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 2173 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR WOMAC Function Subscale Scale from: 0 to 68. ( · patients with treating osteoarthritis Glucosamine therapy for treating osteoarthritis (2005) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 2017 participants | High |
Intervention NR Physician Global Assessment 100 mm visual analogue scale. Scale from: 0 to 100. ( · patients with treating osteoarthritis Glucosamine therapy for treating osteoarthritis (2005) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 630 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Patient Global Assessment (patients rated whether they were better at the end of trial than at the start of the trial) ( · patients with treating osteoarthritis Glucosamine therapy for treating osteoarthritis (2005) · Cochrane | RR 1.21 [0.8, 1.82] | 1 study · 118 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Minimum Joint Space Width mm ( · patients with treating osteoarthritis Glucosamine therapy for treating osteoarthritis (2005) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 414 participants | High |
Intervention NR Toxicity (Number of Patients Reporting Adverse Events) · patients with treating osteoarthritis Glucosamine therapy for treating osteoarthritis (2005) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.91, 1.07] | 9 studies · 1640 participants | High |
Intervention NR Toxicity (Number of Withdrawals due to Adverse Events) · patients with treating osteoarthritis Glucosamine therapy for treating osteoarthritis (2005) · Cochrane | RR 0.76 [0.54, 1.07] | 12 studies · 2435 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Pain based on WOMAC scale Scale from: 0 (no pain) to 20 (worst pain). ( · patients with treating osteoarthritis Glucosamine therapy for treating osteoarthritis (2005) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 940 participants | Low |
Intervention NR WOMAC Function Subscale Scale from: 0 to 68. ( · patients with treating osteoarthritis Glucosamine therapy for treating osteoarthritis (2005) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 624 participants | High |
Lingualised teeth (maxillary anatomic + mandibular non-anatomic; lingualised occlusion scheme) vs Zero-degree teeth (non-anatomic, cuspless) Patient perceived satisfaction (denture preference) · Edentulous adult patients requiring complete dentures · 3 weeks per denture set (cross-over) Interventions for replacing missing teeth: denture chewing surface designs in edentulous people (2005) · Cochrane | OR 10 [2.04, 48.96] | 1 study · 30 participants | Ungraded |
Lingualised teeth (maxillary anatomic + mandibular non-anatomic; lingualised occlusion scheme) vs Zero-degree teeth (non-anatomic, cuspless) Patient perceived masticatory/chewing function · Edentulous adult patients requiring complete dentures Interventions for replacing missing teeth: denture chewing surface designs in edentulous people (2005) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |