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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
75,239 questions in 5,342 reviews
current versionsNo studies 15,213 · 20.2%Ungraded 10,323 · 13.7%Very low 17,528 · 23.3%Low 17,951 · 23.9%Moderate 11,190 · 14.9%High 3,034 · 4%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Home exercise vs no exercise Change in left handgrip force (Kg) · patients with people with peripheral neuropathy Exercise for people with peripheral neuropathy (2004) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 28 participants | Moderate |
Home exercise vs no exercise Change in right handgrip force (Kg) · patients with people with peripheral neuropathy Exercise for people with peripheral neuropathy (2004) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 28 participants | Moderate |
Any CNTF vs placebo Deaths · patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or motor neuron disease Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or motor neuron disease (2004) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 [0.81, 1.41] | 2 studies · 1300 participants | High |
Any CNTF vs placebo Muscle strength change from baseline value of isometric muscle strength (combination megascore) · patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or motor neuron disease Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or motor neuron disease (2004) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 1300 participants | High |
Any CNTF vs placebo Respiratory function (FVC %) change from baseline measures of forced vital capacity as a percentage of the predicted value (FVC %) · patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or motor neuron disease Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or motor neuron disease (2004) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 1300 participants | High |
Any CNTF vs placebo Changes in quality of life (SIP) change in Sickness Impact Profile (SIP) scores (range from 0 = best health to 100 = worst health). · patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or motor neuron disease Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or motor neuron disease (2004) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 503 participants | High |
Any CNTF vs placebo Asthenia · patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or motor neuron disease Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or motor neuron disease (2004) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.81, 1.28] | 1 study · 570 participants | High |
Any CNTF vs placebo Nausea · patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or motor neuron disease Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or motor neuron disease (2004) · Cochrane | RR 1.35 [0.92, 1.99] | 1 study · 570 participants | High |
Any CNTF vs placebo Increased salivation · patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or motor neuron disease Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or motor neuron disease (2004) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.78, 1.5] | 1 study · 570 participants | High |
Fluoride mouthrinse, gel or varnish combined with fluoride toothpaste (any combined regimen) vs Fluoride toothpaste alone Caries increment in permanent teeth: D(M)FS (prevented fraction) · Children or adolescents aged 16 years or less · Nearest to 3 years Combinations of topical fluoride (toothpastes, mouthrinses, gels, varnishes) versus single topical fluoride… (2004) · Cochrane | PF 0.10 [0.02, 0.17] | 9 studies · 4026 participants | Ungraded |
Fluoride toothpaste vs Any other topical fluoride (gel or mouthrinse) Unacceptability of treatment (drop-outs) · Children or adolescents aged 16 or less at the start of the study One topical fluoride (toothpastes, or mouthrinses, or gels, or varnishes) versus another for preventing… (2004) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.78, 1.00] | 6 studies | Ungraded |
Stabilisation splint (SS) vs Biofeedback/stress management Treatment credibility · Patients with pain dysfunction syndrome (PDS) of all degrees of severity · 3 months or less Stabilisation splint therapy for temporomandibular pain dysfunction syndrome (2004) · Cochrane | MD -0.10 [-0.69, 0.49] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Fluoride mouthrinse combined with fluoride toothpaste vs Fluoride toothpaste alone Caries increment in permanent teeth: D(M)FS (prevented fraction) · Children or adolescents aged 16 years or less · Nearest to 3 years Combinations of topical fluoride (toothpastes, mouthrinses, gels, varnishes) versus single topical fluoride… (2004) · Cochrane | PF 0.07 [0.00, 0.13] | 5 studies · 2738 participants | Ungraded |
Fluoride gel combined with fluoride toothpaste vs Fluoride toothpaste alone Caries increment in permanent teeth: D(M)FS (prevented fraction) · Children or adolescents aged 16 years or less · Nearest to 3 years Combinations of topical fluoride (toothpastes, mouthrinses, gels, varnishes) versus single topical fluoride… (2004) · Cochrane | PF 0.14 [-0.09, 0.38] | 3 studies · 1217 participants | Ungraded |
Fluoride varnish vs Fluoride mouthrinse Caries increment (D(M)FS), permanent teeth · Children or adolescents aged 16 or less at the start of the study · 1 to 3 years (final follow-up) One topical fluoride (toothpastes, or mouthrinses, or gels, or varnishes) versus another for preventing… (2004) · Cochrane | PF 0.10 [-0.12, 0.32] | 4 studies · 952 participants | Ungraded |
Ozone applied to the carious lesion (10 or 40 seconds), with a fluoride reductant and oral hygiene/preventive advice vs No ozone, with a fluoride reductant and oral hygiene/preventive advice (as in the intervention group) Pain (assessed by the patient) · People of any age with caries (including demineralisation in non-cavitated carious lesions); the caries may affect any… Ozone therapy for the treatment of dental caries (2004) · Cochrane | No data were provided in any of the included trials on pain. | NR | No studies |
Ozone applied to the carious lesion (10 or 40 seconds), with a fluoride reductant and oral hygiene/preventive advice vs No ozone, with a fluoride reductant and oral hygiene/preventive advice (as in the intervention group) Caries progression/regression (clinical severity index, log(e) ECM and log(e) DIAGNOdent scores) · People of any age with caries (including demineralisation in non-cavitated carious lesions); the caries may affect any… · 6 and 12 months Ozone therapy for the treatment of dental caries (2004) · Cochrane | No consistent trend of benefit or harm following ozone was seen across the outcome measures in any of the three studies; analyses were conducted at the lesion level (not independent of the person), so data were not… | 3 studies · 137 participants | Ungraded |
Stabilisation splint (SS) vs Non-occluding splint Pain (unpleasantness/intensity/palpation) · Patients with pain dysfunction syndrome (PDS) of all degrees of severity · 3 months or less Stabilisation splint therapy for temporomandibular pain dysfunction syndrome (2004) · Cochrane | RR 1.44 [0.81, 2.58] | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Stabilisation splint (SS) vs Non-occluding splint Movement (increase in maximal mouth opening) · Patients with pain dysfunction syndrome (PDS) of all degrees of severity · 3 months or less Stabilisation splint therapy for temporomandibular pain dysfunction syndrome (2004) · Cochrane | MD 1.45 [-1.47, 4.37] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Fluoride toothpaste vs Any other topical fluoride (gel or mouthrinse) Caries increment (D(M)FS), permanent teeth · Children or adolescents aged 16 or less at the start of the study · 1 to 3 years (final follow-up) One topical fluoride (toothpastes, or mouthrinses, or gels, or varnishes) versus another for preventing… (2004) · Cochrane | PF 0.01 [-0.13, 0.14] | 9 studies · 3801 participants | Ungraded |
Stabilisation splint (SS) vs Relaxation Pain (reduction in pain on palpation) · Patients with pain dysfunction syndrome (PDS) of all degrees of severity · 3 months or less Stabilisation splint therapy for temporomandibular pain dysfunction syndrome (2004) · Cochrane | SS vs relaxation (Okeson 1983; Winocur 2002): reduction in pain on palpation. Okeson 1983 showed a significant reduction favouring SS; Winocur 2002 did not. Significant heterogeneity (P<0.01, I2=98.3%) meant the data… | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Stabilisation splint (SS) vs Biofeedback/stress management Helkimo clinical dysfunction index · Patients with pain dysfunction syndrome (PDS) of all degrees of severity · 3 months or less Stabilisation splint therapy for temporomandibular pain dysfunction syndrome (2004) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.64, 1.92] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Fluoride varnish vs Fluoride toothpaste Caries increment (dfs), deciduous teeth · Children or adolescents aged 16 or less at the start of the study · 1 to 3 years (final follow-up) One topical fluoride (toothpastes, or mouthrinses, or gels, or varnishes) versus another for preventing… (2004) · Cochrane | PF -0.05 | 1 study · 183 participants | Ungraded |
Stabilisation splint (SS) vs Acupuncture Pain (palpation and on movement) · Patients with pain dysfunction syndrome (PDS) of all degrees of severity · 3 months or less Stabilisation splint therapy for temporomandibular pain dysfunction syndrome (2004) · Cochrane | RR 0.63 [0.24, 1.65] | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Stabilisation splint (SS) vs Biofeedback/stress management Pain (severity/muscle palpation) · Patients with pain dysfunction syndrome (PDS) of all degrees of severity · 3 months or less Stabilisation splint therapy for temporomandibular pain dysfunction syndrome (2004) · Cochrane | MD 0.30 [-0.48, 1.08] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Stabilisation splint (SS) vs Jaw exercises Pain (TMJ, muscle, on movement) · Patients with pain dysfunction syndrome (PDS) of all degrees of severity · up to 6 months Stabilisation splint therapy for temporomandibular pain dysfunction syndrome (2004) · Cochrane | SS vs jaw exercises (Magnusson 1999): improvements in all pain outcomes (TMJ pain, muscle pain, pain on movement) for both groups at 3 and 6 months; no statistically significant between-group difference at any time… | 1 study | Ungraded |
Stabilisation splint (SS) vs Relaxation Movement (maximal mouth opening) · Patients with pain dysfunction syndrome (PDS) of all degrees of severity · 3 months or less Stabilisation splint therapy for temporomandibular pain dysfunction syndrome (2004) · Cochrane | SS vs relaxation (Okeson 1983; Winocur 2002): change in maximal mouth opening (active/comfortable and assisted/painful). Significant heterogeneity (active/comfortable P<0.01, I2=92.9%; assisted/painful P<0.01, I2=94%);… | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Ozone applied to the carious lesion (10 or 40 seconds), with a fluoride reductant and oral hygiene/preventive advice vs No ozone, with a fluoride reductant and oral hygiene/preventive advice (as in the intervention group) Time to intervention · People of any age with caries (including demineralisation in non-cavitated carious lesions); the caries may affect any… Ozone therapy for the treatment of dental caries (2004) · Cochrane | No data were provided in any of the included trials on time to intervention. | NR | No studies |
Fluoride mouthrinse combined with fluoride toothpaste vs Fluoride toothpaste alone Unacceptability of treatment (drop-outs / leaving study early) · Children or adolescents aged 16 years or less Combinations of topical fluoride (toothpastes, mouthrinses, gels, varnishes) versus single topical fluoride… (2004) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.84, 1.26] | 3 studies · 1704 participants | Ungraded |
Stabilisation splint (SS) vs Biofeedback/stress management Depression (CES-D, POMS) · Patients with pain dysfunction syndrome (PDS) of all degrees of severity · 3 months or less Stabilisation splint therapy for temporomandibular pain dysfunction syndrome (2004) · Cochrane | MD 5.50 [1.49, 9.51] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Direct resin composite veneer vs Indirect resin composite veneer Colour match (aesthetic achievement) · Patients with permanent anterior teeth with intrinsic staining suitable for laminate veneer restorations Direct versus indirect veneer restorations for intrinsic dental stains (2004) · Cochrane | Planned outcome; colour match was not reported by the single included trial (Meijering 1998). | 0 studies | No studies |
Stabilisation splint (SS) vs Non-occluding splint Quality of life · Patients with pain dysfunction syndrome (PDS) of all degrees of severity · 3 months or less Stabilisation splint therapy for temporomandibular pain dysfunction syndrome (2004) · Cochrane | RR 0.12 [0.02, 0.90] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Stabilisation splint (SS) vs Non-occluding splint Overall improvement of symptoms · Patients with pain dysfunction syndrome (PDS) of all degrees of severity · 3 months or less Stabilisation splint therapy for temporomandibular pain dysfunction syndrome (2004) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [0.79, 1.61] | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Stabilisation splint (SS) vs Jaw exercises Overall improvement · Patients with pain dysfunction syndrome (PDS) of all degrees of severity · up to 6 months Stabilisation splint therapy for temporomandibular pain dysfunction syndrome (2004) · Cochrane | SS vs jaw exercises (Magnusson 1999): overall improvement at 3 months and greater than 3 months; no statistically significant between-group difference; a follow-up questionnaire 1 to 4 years later showed a lasting… | 1 study | Ungraded |
Fluoride varnish combined with fluoride toothpaste vs Fluoride toothpaste alone Caries increment in deciduous teeth: d(e)fs (prevented fraction) · Children or adolescents aged 16 years or less · Nearest to 3 years Combinations of topical fluoride (toothpastes, mouthrinses, gels, varnishes) versus single topical fluoride… (2004) · Cochrane | PF 0.15 | 1 study · 173 participants | Ungraded |
Fluoride varnish vs Fluoride mouthrinse Unacceptability of treatment (drop-outs) · Children or adolescents aged 16 or less at the start of the study One topical fluoride (toothpastes, or mouthrinses, or gels, or varnishes) versus another for preventing… (2004) · Cochrane | RR 1.19 [0.86, 1.65] | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Ceramic inlays (all types) vs Composite resin inlay Outcome NR · Adults who require restorative treatment in posterior teeth Ceramic inlays for restoring posterior teeth (2003) · Cochrane | One randomised controlled trial (Gladys 1995) compared ceramic and resin composite inlays over 3 years, but it was excluded because the study design (parallel-group or split-mouth) was not clearly described; no… | 0 studies | No studies |
Topical fluoride therapy (toothpaste, mouthrinse, gel or varnish; any fluoride agent/concentration; frequency at least once a year) vs Placebo or no treatment Caries increment on permanent tooth surfaces (D(M)FS), prevented fraction · Children and adolescents aged 16 years or younger (permanent dentition) · Nearest to 3 years, Placebo-controlled trials Topical fluoride (toothpastes, mouthrinses, gels or varnishes) for preventing dental caries in children and… (2003) · Cochrane | PF 0.24 [0.22, 0.27] | 116 studies | Ungraded |
Ceramic inlays (all types) vs Amalgam Outcome NR · Adults who require restorative treatment in posterior teeth Ceramic inlays for restoring posterior teeth (2003) · Cochrane | No eligible randomised controlled trial comparing ceramic inlays with amalgam restorations was identified; this planned comparison could not be evaluated. | 0 studies | No studies |
Occlusal adjustment (OA) vs Placebo Psychosocial outcomes · Adults (aged 18 years or older) with clinically diagnosed temporomandibular disorders (TMD) Occlusal adjustment for treating and preventing temporomandibular joint disorders (2003) · Cochrane | There were no data on psychosocial outcomes, costs or quality of life in any of the trials. | 0 studies | No studies |
Topical fluoride therapy (toothpaste, mouthrinse, gel or varnish; any fluoride agent/concentration; frequency at least once a year) vs Placebo or no treatment Caries increment on primary (deciduous) tooth surfaces (d(e/m)fs), prevented fraction · Children with primary (deciduous) teeth (younger children) · Nearest to 3 years, Fluoride gel trials Topical fluoride (toothpastes, mouthrinses, gels or varnishes) for preventing dental caries in children and… (2003) · Cochrane | PF 0.26 [-0.11, 0.63] | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Topical fluoride therapy (toothpaste, mouthrinse, gel or varnish; any fluoride agent/concentration; frequency at least once a year) vs Placebo or no treatment Caries increment on permanent whole teeth (D(M)FT), prevented fraction · Children and adolescents aged 16 years or younger (permanent dentition) · Nearest to 3 years Topical fluoride (toothpastes, mouthrinses, gels or varnishes) for preventing dental caries in children and… (2003) · Cochrane | PF 0.26 [0.21, 0.30] | 79 studies | Ungraded |
Occlusal adjustment (OA) vs Placebo Headache (severity) · Adults (aged 18 years or older) with clinically diagnosed temporomandibular disorders (TMD) Occlusal adjustment for treating and preventing temporomandibular joint disorders (2003) · Cochrane | OR 0.90 [0.13, 6.08] | 1 study · 18 participants | Ungraded |
Occlusal adjustment (OA) vs Reassurance Pain (frequency) · Adults (aged 18 years or older) with clinically diagnosed temporomandibular disorders (TMD) Occlusal adjustment for treating and preventing temporomandibular joint disorders (2003) · Cochrane | OR 0.13 [0.01, 2.58] | 1 study · 50 participants | Ungraded |
Occlusal adjustment (OA) vs Reassurance Headache (frequency) · Adults (aged 18 years or older) with clinically diagnosed temporomandibular disorders (TMD) Occlusal adjustment for treating and preventing temporomandibular joint disorders (2003) · Cochrane | OR 1.40 [0.45, 4.35] | 1 study · 50 participants | Ungraded |
Topical fluoride therapy (toothpaste, mouthrinse, gel or varnish; any fluoride agent/concentration; frequency at least once a year) vs Placebo or no treatment Caries increment on permanent whole teeth (D(M)FT), prevented fraction · Children and adolescents aged 16 years or younger (permanent dentition) · Nearest to 3 years, Fluoride varnish trials Topical fluoride (toothpastes, mouthrinses, gels or varnishes) for preventing dental caries in children and… (2003) · Cochrane | PF 0.53 [0.23, 0.82] | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Occlusal adjustment (OA) vs Placebo Pain (severity) · Adults (aged 18 years or older) with clinically diagnosed temporomandibular disorders (TMD) Occlusal adjustment for treating and preventing temporomandibular joint disorders (2003) · Cochrane | OR 0.5 [0.07, 3.85] | 1 study · 18 participants | Ungraded |
Topical fluoride therapy (toothpaste, mouthrinse, gel or varnish; any fluoride agent/concentration; frequency at least once a year) vs Placebo or no treatment Caries increment on permanent tooth surfaces (D(M)FS), prevented fraction · Children and adolescents aged 16 years or younger (permanent dentition) · Nearest to 3 years Topical fluoride (toothpastes, mouthrinses, gels or varnishes) for preventing dental caries in children and… (2003) · Cochrane | PF 0.26 [0.23, 0.29] | 133 studies · 65169 participants | Ungraded |
Fluoride toothpaste vs Placebo (non-fluoride) toothpaste Enamel fluorosis (adverse effect) · Children and adolescents aged 16 years or less · At least 1 year Fluoride toothpastes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents (2003) · Cochrane | Fluorosis data have not been reported in any of the trials. | 0 studies | No studies |
Fluoride toothpaste vs Placebo (non-fluoride) toothpaste Caries increment in permanent teeth: decayed, (missing) and filled tooth surfaces D(M)FS (prevented fraction) · Children and adolescents aged 16 years or less · At least 1 year Fluoride toothpastes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents (2003) · Cochrane | PF 0.24 [0.21, 0.28] | 70 studies · 42300 participants | Ungraded |