Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

48 questions · 48 findings · 20 reviews · Airways

No studies found 6 · 12.5%GRADE not reported 1 · 2.1%Very low 5 · 10.4%Low 11 · 22.9%Moderate 19 · 39.6%High 6 · 12.5%

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol vs placebo

Non‐fatal serious adverse events · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol showed no clear difference in non‐fatal serious adverse events compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tiotropium + LABA/ICS combination vs tiotropium

Non‐fatal serious adverse events · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Tiotropium + LABA/ICS combination showed no clear difference in serious adverse events (non‐fatal) compared with tiotropium (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Indacaterol vs long‐acting beta2‐agonist alone

Serious adverse events Adverse events · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Indacaterol showed no clear difference in serious adverse events Adverse events compared with twice‐daily long‐acting beta2‐agonists (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Non‐fatal, serious adverse events (all) · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The intervention showed no clear difference in non‐fatal, serious adverse events (all) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Non‐fatal, serious adverse events (all) · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The intervention showed no clear difference in non‐fatal, serious adverse events (all) (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Umeclidinium bromide vs placebo

Adverse events (not including serious adverse events): number of participants · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Umeclidinium bromide showed no clear difference in adverse events (not including serious adverse events) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mometasone/formoterol (MF/F) vs placebo

Adverse events—serious—400/103 Duration of six months · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Mometasone/formoterol (MF/F) showed no clear difference in adverse events—serious—400/103 Duration of six months compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mometasone/formoterol (MF/F) vs placebo

Adverse events—serious—200/103 Duration of six months · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Mometasone/formoterol (MF/F) showed no clear difference in adverse events—serious—200/103 Duration of six months compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Macrolide+tetracycline vs macrolides

All‐cause serious adverse events 60 weeks (end of study) · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

It is very uncertain whether macrolide+tetracycline changes all‐cause serious adverse events 60 weeks (end of study) compared with macrolide (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Serious Adverse Events (Participants with one or more event) · Adults (>18 years) with pulmonary hypertension of varied aetiology (PAH, CTEPH and left heart disease)

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes serious Adverse Events (Participants with one or more event) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Multi‐component intervention vs other treatments/routine care

Number of participants experiencing any serious adverse events · the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Multi‐component intervention showed no clear difference in adverse events: number of people experiencing a serious adverse event compared with other intervention or routine, usual care or control treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review