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What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

95 questions · 97 findings · 43 reviews

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No studies found 1 · 1%GRADE not reported 30 · 30.9%Very low 15 · 15.5%Low 25 · 25.8%Moderate 15 · 15.5%High 11 · 11.3%

Intervention not reported

Preterm birth < 37 weeks · pregnant women and their babies

The intervention leads to lower preterm birth < 37 weeks (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings: lipid‐based nutrient supplements (LNS) vs multiple micronutrients (MMN)

Preterm birth · pregnant women

Summary of findings: lipid‐based nutrient supplements (LNS) showed no clear difference in preterm births (births before 37 weeks of gestation) compared with multiple micronutrients (MMN) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings: lipid‐based nutrient supplements (LNS) vs iron folic acid (IFA)

Preterm birth · pregnant women

Summary of findings: lipid‐based nutrient supplements (LNS) showed no clear difference in preterm births (births before 37 weeks of gestation) compared with iron folic acid (IFA) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Nitrofurantoin and close surveillance vs close surveillance alone

Preterm birth · pregnant women with a history of one or more UTI before or during pregnancy

It is very uncertain whether nitrofurantoin and close surveillance changes preterm birth (< 37 weeks) compared with close surveillance alone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Early preterm birth < 34 weeks · pregnant women and their babies

The intervention leads to lower early preterm birth < 34 weeks (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Outcomes for all interventions for smoking cessation in pregnancy vs control: subgrouped by main intervention strategy (comparison 20)

Gestational age (preterm birth < 37 weeks) · Pregnant women who smoke

Outcomes for all interventions for smoking cessation in pregnancy showed no clear difference in preterm birth (under 37 weeks) compared with control: subgrouped by main intervention strategy (comparison 20) (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Acupuncture vs placebo

Preterm birth · Pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum

Acupuncture showed no clear difference in preterm birth less than 37 weeks compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Preterm birth (< 37 weeks' gestation) · All pregnant women receiving either vitamin C supplementation or control either in areas where there is inadequate dietary intake or where…

The intervention showed no clear difference in preterm birth (< 37 weeks' gestation) (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium supplementation/fortification vs placebo or no intervention

Gestational age (preterm birth < 37 weeks) · healthy pregnant women receiving calcium supplementation vs placebo or no treatment

Calcium supplementation showed no clear difference in preterm birth (a) Birth prior to 37 weeks compared with placebo or no treatment (maternal outcomes) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium supplementation/fortification vs placebo or no intervention

Preterm birth less than 34 weeks' gestation · healthy pregnant women receiving calcium supplementation vs placebo or no treatment

Calcium supplementation showed no clear difference in preterm birth (b) Birth prior to 34 weeks compared with placebo or no treatment (maternal outcomes) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Preterm birth (before 37 weeks' gestation) · pregnant women considered to be at risk of developing pre‐eclampsia

The intervention leads to lower preterm birth (before 37 weeks' gestation) (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D + calcium + other vitamins and minerals vs calcium + other vitamins and minerals (but no vitamin D)

Preterm birth · pregnant women and their infants..

Vitamin D + calcium + other vitamins and minerals showed no clear difference in preterm birth (less than 37 weeks' gestation) compared with calcium + other vitamins and minerals (but no vitamin D) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin E vs placebo, no placebo or other supplements

Preterm birth · pregnant women receiving vitamin E supplementation or control, living in areas where there is either inadequate dietary intake of vitamin…

Any vitamin E supplementation showed no clear difference in preterm birth (less than 37 weeks' gestation) compared with placebo, no placebo or other supplements (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review