Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

87 questions · 90 findings · 34 reviews

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No studies found 18 · 20%GRADE not reported 11 · 12.2%Very low 12 · 13.3%Low 20 · 22.2%Moderate 14 · 15.6%High 15 · 16.7%

Vitamin D vs placebo or no intervention

Cancer mortality in trials using vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) ( · healthy participants or recruited among the general population; individuals diagnosed with a specific disease in a stable phase or with…

Vitamin D may leads to lower cancer mortality in trials using vitamin D₃(cholecalciferol) compared with placebo or no intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of cancer in adults 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.88 [0.78, 0.98]
4 studies · 44492 participants
Low

Vitamin D vs placebo or no intervention

All‐cause mortality · healthy participants or recruited among the general population; individuals diagnosed with a specific disease in a stable phase or with…

Vitamin D may leads to lower all‐cause mortality compared with placebo or no intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of cancer in adults 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.93 [0.88, 0.98]
15 studies · 49866 participants
Low

Vitamin D vs placebo

Mortality rate ( · children with acute pneumonia

Vitamin D showed no clear difference in mortality rate ( compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D as an adjunct to antibiotics for the treatment of acute childhood pneumonia 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.69 [0.44, 1.07]
3 studies · 584 participants
Low

Vitamin D vs placebo

All‐cause mortality · adults with HIV infection

It is very uncertain whether vitamin D changes mortality compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Micronutrient supplementation in adults with HIV infection 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.15 [0.65, 2.02]
1 study · 131 participants
Very low

Vitamin D vs placebo or no intervention

All‐cause mortality · people with chronic liver diseases

It is very uncertain whether vitamin D changes all‐cause mortality compared with placebo or no intervention (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D supplementation for chronic liver diseases in adults 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.86 [0.51, 1.45]
27 studies · 1979 participants
Very low

Vitamin D vs control

All‐cause mortality · children under 5 years of age

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D supplementation for preventing infections in children under five years of age 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 3046 participants
Low

Vitamin D vs placebo or no intervention

Liver‐related mortality · people with chronic liver diseases

It is very uncertain whether vitamin D changes liver‐related mortality compared with placebo or no intervention (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D supplementation for chronic liver diseases in adults 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.62 [0.08, 34.66]
1 study · 18 participants
Very low

Vitamin D vs control

Cause‐specific mortality · children under 5 years of age

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D supplementation for preventing infections in children under five years of age 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 3046 participants
Low

Vitamin D plus calcium vs vitamin D

All‐cause mortality

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D, calcium or a combination of vitamin D and calcium for the treatment of nutritional rickets in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Higher circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration vs Lower circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration

All cause mortality · people with chronic kidney disease (predialysis (GFR 15 to 60 mL/min/1.73 m²), HD, PD, transplant recipients)

Meta-analysis of observational studies (higher vs lower 25(OH)D) for All cause mortality, Patients with chronic kidney disease: RR 0.86 (95% CI 0.81 to 0.92), statistically significant. Umbrella review outcome-level evidence grade: No conclusion.

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational… 2014 All outcomes
Patients with chronic kidney disease
RR 0.86 [0.81, 0.92]
10 studies · 6853 participants
GRADE not reported

Higher circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration vs Lower circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration

All cause mortality · Adults (general population)

Meta-analysis of observational studies (higher vs lower 25(OH)D) for All cause mortality: HR 0.72 (95% CI 0.66 to 0.78), statistically significant. Umbrella review outcome-level evidence grade: No conclusion.

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational… 2014 All outcomes
HR 0.72 [0.66, 0.78]
18 studies · 77155 participants
GRADE not reported

Vitamin D compounds (supplementation) vs placebo or control

All‐cause mortality · Adults with chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis

Meta-analysis of randomised trials of vitamin D supplementation for Mortality: RR 1.40 (95% CI 0.38 to 5.15), not statistically significant. Umbrella review outcome-level evidence grade: No conclusion.

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational… 2014 All outcomes
RR 1.40 [0.38, 5.15]
4 studies · 381 participants
GRADE not reported

Vitamin D compounds (supplementation) vs placebo or control

All‐cause mortality · Adults with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis

Meta-analysis of randomised trials of vitamin D supplementation for Mortality: RR 1.34 (95% CI 0.34 to 5.24), not statistically significant. Umbrella review outcome-level evidence grade: No conclusion.

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational… 2014 All outcomes
RR 1.34 [0.34, 5.24]
5 studies · 477 participants
GRADE not reported

Higher circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration vs Lower circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration

Cardiovascular mortality · Adults (general population)

Meta-analysis of observational studies (higher vs lower 25(OH)D) for Cardiovascular disease mortality: RR 0.55 (95% CI 0.36 to 0.85), statistically significant. Umbrella review outcome-level evidence grade: No conclusion.

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational… 2014 All outcomes
RR 0.55 [0.36, 0.85]
5 studies · 24387 participants
GRADE not reported

Vitamin D plus calcium vs calcium

All‐cause mortality

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D, calcium or a combination of vitamin D and calcium for the treatment of nutritional rickets in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Vitamin D vs placebo or control

Mortality (all cause) · Adults (general population)

Meta-analysis of randomised trials of vitamin D supplementation for Mortality (all cause) (Vitamin D2, general population): RR 1.04 (95% CI 0.97 to 1.11), not statistically significant. Umbrella review outcome-level evidence grade: No conclusion.

2 findings from 1 review

Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational… 2014 All outcomes
Vitamin D2, general population
RR 1.04 [0.97, 1.11]
8 studies · 17079 participants
GRADE not reported
Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational… 2014 All outcomes
Vitamin D3, general population
RR 0.91 [0.82, 1.02]
9 studies · 12824 participants
GRADE not reported

Vitamin D vs placebo or usual care

Death at hospital discharge · individuals with moderate to severe disease

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D supplementation for the treatment of COVID‐19: a living systematic review 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 313 participants
Very low

Vitamin D plus calcium vs placebo

Mortality: all causes · relatively healthy postmenopausal women

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Vitamin E vs placebo

All‐cause mortality · MCI

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin and mineral supplementation for preventing dementia or delaying cognitive decline in people with mild… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 1 participants
GRADE not reported

Vitamin D plus calcium vs placebo

Mortality: lung cancer · relatively healthy postmenopausal women

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found