Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

378 questions · 398 findings · 161 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 94 · 23.6%GRADE not reported 14 · 3.5%Very low 91 · 22.9%Low 105 · 26.4%Moderate 72 · 18.1%High 22 · 5.5%

Low GI vs high GI

Total and cardiovascular mortality · overweight or obese adults

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Low glycaemic index diets for the prevention of cardiovascular disease 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Low GI vs high GI

Total and cardiovascular mortality · Adults with coronary heart disease

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Low glycaemic index diets for the prevention of cardiovascular disease 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Slow vs faster rates of enteral feed advancement

Mortality before hospital discharge · very preterm or very low birth weight infants

Slow showed no clear difference in mortality before hospital discharge compared with faster rates of enteral feed advancement (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Slow advancement of enteral feed volumes to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.13 [0.91, 1.39]
13 studies · 3860 participants
Moderate

Very low vs low protein diet

All‐cause mortality · people with CKD‐MBD

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

ICU follow‐up services vs standard care or no follow‐up service

All‐cause mortality Time point of measurement: 2 months in 1 randomised study; 12 months in 3 randomised studies; 14 months in 1 non‐randomised study · adult survivors of the ICU, excluding those already in an existing follow‐up or rehabilitation programme

1 finding from 1 review

Follow‐up services for improving long‐term outcomes in intensive care unit (ICU) survivors 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 1289 participants
Moderate

Early enteral nutrition within 24 hours of lower gastrointestinal surgery vs later commencement

All‐cause mortality · lower gastrointestinal surgery

Early enteral nutrition within 24 hours of lower gastrointestinal… showed no clear difference in mortality compared with later commencement (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early enteral nutrition within 24 hours of lower gastrointestinal surgery versus later commencement for length of… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.56 [0.21, 1.52]
12 studies · 1179 participants
Low

Late (seven days or more following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake

Mortality Mortality at latest · preterm or low birth weight infants

It is very uncertain whether late (seven days or more following birth) higher changes mortality (latest time reported up to hospital discharge) compared with lower sodium intake (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.13 [0.01, 2.2]
1 study · 49 participants
Very low

Early (less than seven days following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake

Mortality Mortality at latest · preterm or low birth weight infants

Early (less than seven days following birth) higher showed no clear difference in mortality (latest time reported up to hospital discharge) compared with lower sodium intake (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.02 [0.38, 2.72]
3 studies · 83 participants
Low

Low‐pressure vs standard pressure pneumoperitoneum

All‐cause mortality · patients with laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

1 finding from 1 review

Low pressure versus standard pressure pneumoperitoneum in laparoscopic cholecystectomy 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
8 studies · 434 participants
Very low

Lower vs higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth

Mortality, near term corrected age or discharge · preterm infants

Lower showed no clear difference in mortality, near term corrected age or discharge compared with higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Lower versus higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.05 [0.68, 1.63]
10 studies · 914 participants
Low

Low tidal volume vs high tidal volume

All‐cause mortality · adults (aged > 16 years) without acute lung injury needing mechanical positive pressure ventilation during their surgery and undergoing…

Low tidal volume showed no clear difference in mortality compared with high tidal volume (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intraoperative use of low volume ventilation to decrease postoperative mortality, mechanical ventilation, lengths of… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.8 [0.42, 1.53]
12 studies · 1207 participants
Low

Low molecular weight heparin vs placebo or no prophylaxis

Mortality due to other causes · prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients with lower‐limb immobilization

Low molecular weight heparin showed no clear difference in mortality due to other causes compared with no prophylaxis or placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Low molecular weight heparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients with lower‐limb immobilization 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.33 [0.01, 8.15]
8 studies · 3111 participants
Low

Low molecular weight heparin vs placebo or no prophylaxis

Mortality due to pulmonary embolism · prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients with lower‐limb immobilization

1 finding from 1 review

Low molecular weight heparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients with lower‐limb immobilization 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
8 studies · 3111 participants
GRADE not reported

Supervised maintenance programme following pulmonary rehabilitation vs usual care

All‐cause mortality · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Supervised maintenance programme following pulmonary rehabilitation showed no clear difference in mortality compared with usual care (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Supervised maintenance programmes following pulmonary rehabilitation compared to usual care for chronic obstructive… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.73 [0.36, 1.51]
6 studies · 755 participants
Moderate

Summary of findings table ‐ Low‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets vs balanced‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets

Cardiovascular mortality ‐ not measured · overweight and obese participants without T2DM (weight‐reducing phase followed by weight maintenance phase)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Low‐carbohydrate versus balanced‐carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Summary of findings table ‐ Low‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets vs balanced‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets

Cardiovascular mortality ‐ not measured · overweight and obese participants with T2DM (weight‐reducing phase followed by weight‐maintenance phase)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Low‐carbohydrate versus balanced‐carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Low phosphorus vs normal diet

All‐cause mortality · people with CKD‐MBD

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Low molecular weight heparin vs unfractionated heparin

All‐cause mortality · patients with cancer with venous thromboembolism

Low molecular weight heparin showed no clear difference in mortality compared with unfractionated heparin (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Anticoagulation for the initial treatment of venous thromboembolism in people with cancer 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.66 [0.4, 1.1]
5 studies · 418 participants
Low

Low phosphorus intake plus placebo vs ad libitum diet plus placebo

All‐cause mortality · people with CKD‐MBD

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Protocol to increase global blood flow vs control

Mortality within the longest · surgical patients

Protocol to increase global blood flow showed no clear difference in mortality (Longest compared with control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perioperative increase in global blood flow to explicit defined goals and outcomes following surgery 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.89 [0.76, 1.05]
31 studies · 5292 participants
Low