What do systematic reviews say?

Low molecular weight heparin vs vitamin K antagonist (VKA)

Low‐molecular‐weight heparin (LMWH) showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality (up to 3 months) compared with vitamin K antagonist (VKA) (low certainty).

• Anticoagulation for people with cancer and central venous catheters 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.94 [0.56, 1.59]
  3 studies · 561 participants
  Low

Low molecular weight heparin vs no LMWH

Low‐molecular‐weight heparin (LMWH) showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality (up to 3 months) compared with no LMWH (low certainty).

• Anticoagulation for people with cancer and central venous catheters 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.82 [0.53, 1.26]
  5 studies · 1236 participants
  Low

Summary of findings: Low‐moderate GI diet vs moderate‐high GI diet (neonatal/child/adulthood outcomes)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Early enteral nutrition within 24 hours of lower gastrointestinal surgery vs later commencement

Early enteral nutrition within 24 hours of lower gastrointestinal… showed no clear difference in mortality compared with later commencement (low certainty).

• Early enteral nutrition within 24 hours of lower gastrointestinal surgery versus later commencement for length of… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.56 [0.21, 1.52]
  12 studies · 1179 participants
  Low

Late (seven days or more following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake

It is very uncertain whether late (seven days or more following birth) higher changes mortality (latest time reported up to hospital discharge) compared with lower sodium intake (very low certainty).

• Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.13 [0.01, 2.2]
  1 study · 49 participants
  Very low

Early (less than seven days following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake

Early (less than seven days following birth) higher showed no clear difference in mortality (latest time reported up to hospital discharge) compared with lower sodium intake (low certainty).

• Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.02 [0.38, 2.72]
  3 studies · 83 participants
  Low

Prophylactic platelet transfusions with low‐dose schedule vs high‐dose schedule

Prophylactic platelet transfusions with low‐dose schedule showed no clear difference in mortality from all causes up to 30 days from study entry compared with high‐dose schedule (low certainty).

• Different doses of prophylactic platelet transfusion for preventing bleeding in people with haematological disorders… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.33 [0.5, 3.54]
  1 study · 849 participants
  Low

Prophylactic platelet transfusions with low‐dose schedule vs prophylactic platelet transfusions with standard‐dose schedule

Prophylactic platelet transfusions with low‐dose schedule showed no clear difference in mortality from all causes up to 30 days from study entry compared with prophylactic platelet transfusions with standard‐dose schedule (low certainty).

• Different doses of prophylactic platelet transfusion for preventing bleeding in people with haematological disorders… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.04 [0.7, 5.93]
  3 studies · 1070 participants
  Low

Low‐pressure vs standard pressure pneumoperitoneum

• Low pressure versus standard pressure pneumoperitoneum in laparoscopic cholecystectomy 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  8 studies · 434 participants
  Very low

Lower vs higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth

Lower showed no clear difference in mortality, near term corrected age or discharge compared with higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations… (low certainty).

• Lower versus higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.05 [0.68, 1.63]
  10 studies · 914 participants
  Low

Low tidal volume vs high tidal volume

Low tidal volume showed no clear difference in mortality compared with high tidal volume (low certainty).

• Intraoperative use of low volume ventilation to decrease postoperative mortality, mechanical ventilation, lengths of… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.8 [0.42, 1.53]
  12 studies · 1207 participants
  Low

Low molecular weight heparin vs placebo or no prophylaxis

Low molecular weight heparin showed no clear difference in mortality due to other causes compared with no prophylaxis or placebo (low certainty).

• Low molecular weight heparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients with lower‐limb immobilization 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.33 [0.01, 8.15]
  8 studies · 3111 participants
  Low

Low GI vs high GI

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Low glycaemic index diets for the prevention of cardiovascular disease 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Low GI vs high GI

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Low glycaemic index diets for the prevention of cardiovascular disease 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Low molecular weight heparin vs placebo or no prophylaxis

• Low molecular weight heparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients with lower‐limb immobilization 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  8 studies · 3111 participants
  GRADE not reported

Supervised maintenance programme following pulmonary rehabilitation vs usual care

Supervised maintenance programme following pulmonary rehabilitation showed no clear difference in mortality compared with usual care (moderate certainty).

• Supervised maintenance programmes following pulmonary rehabilitation compared to usual care for chronic obstructive… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.73 [0.36, 1.51]
  6 studies · 755 participants
  Moderate

Low phosphorus vs normal diet

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Low molecular weight heparin vs unfractionated heparin

Low molecular weight heparin showed no clear difference in mortality compared with unfractionated heparin (low certainty).

• Anticoagulation for the initial treatment of venous thromboembolism in people with cancer 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.66 [0.4, 1.1]
  5 studies · 418 participants
  Low

Low phosphorus intake plus placebo vs ad libitum diet plus placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Dietary interventions for mineral and bone disorder in people with chronic kidney disease 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Protocol to increase global blood flow vs control

Protocol to increase global blood flow showed no clear difference in mortality (Longest compared with control (low certainty).

• Perioperative increase in global blood flow to explicit defined goals and outcomes following surgery 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.89 [0.76, 1.05]
  31 studies · 5292 participants
  Low