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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

89 questions · 198 findings · 20 reviews

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No studies found 0 · 0%GRADE not reported 187 · 94.4%Very low 2 · 1%Low 9 · 4.5%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%

Preterm birth (<37 weeks gestation) vs Full-term birth (37 weeks or more gestation)

Early childhood caries (ECC) · Children aged 6 years or younger (preschool children)

In children aged 3 years or younger, preterm birth was not associated with early childhood caries (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.59 to 1.37); certainty not graded.

2 findings from 1 review

Not applicable (single-group prevalence) vs Not applicable (single-group prevalence)

Early childhood caries (ECC) · Children aged 0-5 years in North Africa

Pooled ECC prevalence in Tunisia was 38% (95% CI 24-51), significantly lower than Egypt and Sudan.

10 findings from 1 review
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Presence of oral Candida albicans vs Absence of oral Candida albicans

Early childhood caries (ECC) · Children aged ≤6 years (early childhood)

RETRACTED. Among studies before 2017, oral C. albicans presence was associated with higher odds of ECC (OR 4.89, 95% CI 2.79-8.58); ungraded subgroup from a retracted review.

16 findings from 1 review
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Highest BMI category (overweight/obese) vs Lowest BMI category (normal weight/underweight)

Early childhood caries (ECC) · Children (approx. 4-18 years)

In the Region: Asian countries subgroup, the BMI (highest vs lowest)-childhood caries association was significant (OR 1.70, 95% CI 1.25 to 2.32; ungraded).

17 findings from 1 review
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Breastfeeding for more than 24 months vs Not breastfed at the same age or breastfed for a shorter duration

Early childhood caries (ECC) - incidence/risk · Children with exclusively primary dentition (age ≤71 months)

Breastfeeding beyond 24 months is associated with an increased risk (incidence) of early childhood caries versus not breastfeeding at the same age (RR 2.44, 95% CI 1.97 to 3.02; low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Not applicable (single-group prevalence) vs Not applicable (single-group prevalence)

Early childhood caries (ECC) · Children younger than 71 months (under 6 years)

Pooled ECC prevalence in Europe was 36% (95% CI 25-47).

16 findings from 1 review
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Nocturnal breastfeeding vs No nocturnal breastfeeding

Early childhood caries (ECC) · Preschool children (<6 years)

After excluding one study, nocturnal breastfeeding was associated with higher ECC risk (RR 3.05, 95% CI 2.40 to 3.87; I²=33%).

2 findings from 1 review

Breastfeeding <24 months vs Breastfeeding for ≥24 months

Early childhood caries (ECC) · Preschool children (<6 years)

After excluding Peres et al. (2017), breastfeeding for less than 24 months was associated with fewer caries (RR 0.49, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.62; I²=6%).

2 findings from 1 review

Breastfeeding vs No breastfeeding

Early childhood caries (ECC) · Preschool children (<6 years)

After excluding five studies, breastfeeding was associated with lower ECC risk in cohort studies (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.71 to 0.95; I²=0%).

3 findings from 1 review

Breastfeeding <12 months vs Breastfeeding for ≥12 months

Early childhood caries (ECC) · Preschool children (<6 years)

Breastfeeding for <12 vs ≥12 months was associated with significantly fewer caries (RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.50-0.86), indicating breastfeeding beyond 12 months increases ECC risk (substantial heterogeneity; ungraded).

2 findings from 1 review

Breastfeeding <18 months vs Breastfeeding for ≥18 months

Early childhood caries (ECC) · Preschool children (<6 years)

Breastfeeding for <18 vs ≥18 months was associated with significantly fewer caries (RR 0.41, 95% CI 0.18-0.92; substantial heterogeneity; ungraded).

2 findings from 1 review