What do systematic reviews say?

Radix Sophorae flavescentis vs placebo or no intervention

• Radix Sophorae flavescentis versus no intervention or placebo for chronic hepatitis B 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 86 participants
  Very low

Flumazenil vs placebo

Flumazenil showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Flumazenil versus placebo or no intervention for people with cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.75 [0.48, 1.16]
  11 studies · 842 participants
  Low

Antibiotics vs placebo or no intervention

Summary of findings table ‐ Antibiotics showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with placebo or no intervention (low certainty).

• Antibiotic prophylaxis for leptospirosis 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.15 [0.01, 2.83]
  1 study · 782 participants
  Low

Antibiotics vs placebo or no intervention

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Antibiotics changes all‐cause mortality compared with placebo or no intervention (very low certainty).

• Antibiotics for treatment of leptospirosis 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.57 [0.65, 3.79]
  3 studies · 367 participants
  Very low

Prostaglandin vs placebo or usual care

Prostaglandin showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality ( compared with placebo or standard care (low certainty).

• Prostaglandins for adult liver transplanted recipients 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.86 [0.61, 1.23]
  11 studies · 771 participants
  Low

Vitamin D vs placebo or no intervention

It is very uncertain whether vitamin D changes all‐cause mortality compared with placebo or no intervention (very low certainty).

• Vitamin D supplementation for chronic liver diseases in adults 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.86 [0.51, 1.45]
  27 studies · 1979 participants
  Very low

N‐acetylcysteine vs placebo

N‐acetylcysteine showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with placebo (low certainty).

• N‐acetylcysteine for non‐paracetamol (acetaminophen)‐related acute liver failure 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.88 [0.57, 1.37]
  1 study · 173 participants
  Low

N‐acetylcysteine vs placebo

N‐acetylcysteine showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with placebo (low certainty).

• N‐acetylcysteine for non‐paracetamol (acetaminophen)‐related acute liver failure 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.47 [0.85, 2.53]
  1 study · 184 participants
  Low

Acetyl‐L‐carnitine vs placebo

• Acetyl‐L‐carnitine for patients with hepatic encephalopathy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Phamacotherapies that specifically target ammonia vs placebo or non‐absorbable disaccharides

• Pharmacotherapies that specifically target ammonia for the prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 16 participants
  Very low

Nutrition support vs no intervention, placebo, or treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Nutrition support in hospitalised adults at nutritional risk 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Ursodeoxycholic acid vs placebo or no intervention

It is very uncertain whether ursodeoxycholic acid changes all‐cause mortality compared with placebo or no intervention (very low certainty).

• Ursodeoxycholic acid for primary biliary cirrhosis 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.97 [0.67, 1.42]
  14 studies · 1391 participants
  Very low

Bisphosphonates vs placebo or no intervention

It is very uncertain whether bisphosphonates changes all‐cause mortality compared with placebo or no intervention (very low certainty).

• Bisphosphonates for osteoporosis in primary biliary cirrhosis 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RD 0
  2 studies · 46 participants
  Very low

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) vs placebo or no intervention

It is very uncertain whether hormone replacement changes all‐cause mortality compared with placebo or no intervention (very low certainty).

• Hormone replacement for osteoporosis in women with primary biliary cirrhosis 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RD 0
  2 studies · 49 participants
  Very low

Tenofovir‐based antiviral combination regimens vs placebo or tenofovir alone or non‐tenofovir‐based antiviral regimens

It is very uncertain whether tenofovir‐based antiviral combination regimens changes all‐cause infant mortality at longest compared with placebo or tenofovir alone or non‐tenofovir‐based antiviral regimens (very low certainty).

• Antivirals for prevention of hepatitis B virus mother‐to‐child transmission in human immunodeficiency virus positive… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.24 [0.72, 6.96]
  1 study · 132 participants
  Very low

Tenofovir‐based antiviral combination regimens vs placebo or tenofovir alone or non‐tenofovir‐based antiviral regimens

• Antivirals for prevention of hepatitis B virus mother‐to‐child transmission in human immunodeficiency virus positive… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Ursodeoxycholic acid vs placebo or no intervention

It is very uncertain whether ursodeoxycholic acid changes all‐cause mortality or liver transplantation compared with placebo or no intervention (very low certainty).

• Ursodeoxycholic acid for primary biliary cirrhosis 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.96 [0.74, 1.25]
  15 studies · 1419 participants
  Very low