Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

124 questions · 128 findings · 65 reviews

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No studies found 23 · 18%GRADE not reported 6 · 4.7%Very low 47 · 36.7%Low 35 · 27.3%Moderate 14 · 10.9%High 3 · 2.3%

Gene therapy vs no gene therapy control

All‐cause mortality · peripheral arterial disease

Gene therapy showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with no gene therapy control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Gene therapy for peripheral arterial disease 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.93 [0.66, 1.31]
12 studies · 1685 participants
Moderate

Monotherapy vs combination therapy compared

All‐cause mortality—different beta lactam · patients with sepsis

Monotherapy showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality—different beta lactam compared with combination therapy compared (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Beta lactam antibiotic monotherapy versus beta lactam‐aminoglycoside antibiotic combination therapy for sepsis 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.85 [0.71, 1.01]
31 studies · 4146 participants
Low

Monotherapy vs combination therapy

All‐cause mortality; · Ventilator‐associated pneumonia

Monotherapy showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality; compared with combination therapy (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for ventilator‐associated pneumonia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.97 [0.73, 1.3]
4 studies · 1163 participants
Moderate

Monotherapy vs combination therapy compared

All‐cause mortality—same beta lactam Survival · patients with sepsis

Monotherapy showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality—same beta lactam Survival compared with combination therapy compared (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Beta lactam antibiotic monotherapy versus beta lactam‐aminoglycoside antibiotic combination therapy for sepsis 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.97 [0.73, 1.3]
13 studies · 1431 participants
Low

PAP therapy vs usual care

All‐cause mortality · heart failure associated with central sleep apnoea

It is very uncertain whether PAP therapy changes all‐cause mortality compared with usual care (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Positive airway pressure therapy for the treatment of central sleep apnoea associated with heart failure 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.81 [0.54, 1.21]
6 studies · 1804 participants
Very low

Stem cell therapy vs peripheral therapy with granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor

All‐cause mortality · DCM (non‐ischaemic)

It is very uncertain whether stem cell therapy (any type) changes all‐cause mortality compared with peripheral therapy with granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Stem cell therapy for dilated cardiomyopathy 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.46 [0.16, 1.31]
3 studies · 195 participants
Very low

Pre‐emptive antifungal therapy vs empirical antifungal therapy

All‐cause mortality · people with cancer who have febrile neutropenia

Pre‐emptive antifungal therapy showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with empirical antifungal therapy (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pre‐emptive antifungal therapy versus empirical antifungal therapy for febrile neutropenia in people with cancer 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.97 [0.72, 1.3]
6 studies · 1459 participants
Low

Sclerotherapy vs no intervention

All‐cause mortality · primary prophylaxis of oesophageal variceal bleeding in children with chronic liver disease or portal vein thrombosis

It is very uncertain whether sclerotherapy changes all‐cause mortality compared with no intervention (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Sclerotherapy versus sham or no intervention for primary prophylaxis of oesophageal variceal bleeding in children with… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.04 [0.44, 2.5]
1 study · 108 participants
Very low

Adjuvant chemotherapy vs no chemotherapy

All‐cause mortality at 5 years · people with resectable cholangiocarcinoma

It is very uncertain whether adjuvant chemotherapy changes all‐cause mortality at 5 years compared with no chemotherapy (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for resectable cholangiocarcinoma 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.92 [0.84, 1.01]
4 studies · 867 participants
Very low

Stem cell therapy vs control

All‐cause mortality · DCM (non‐ischaemic)

It is very uncertain whether stem cell therapy changes all‐cause mortality compared with control (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Stem cell therapy for dilated cardiomyopathy 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.84 [0.54, 1.31]
7 studies · 361 participants
Very low

Titrated oxygen therapy vs high‐flow oxygen therapy

Mortality (respiratory‐ related and all‐cause · adults with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Titrated oxygen therapy may leads to lower mortality (respiratory‐ related and all‐cause compared with high‐flow oxygen therapy (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oxygen therapy in the pre‐hospital setting for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.22 [0.05, 0.97]
1 study · 214 participants
Low

Perioperative restrictive fluid therapy vs goal‐directed fluid therapy

Mortality within the longest · adults receiving intravenous fluids while undergoing major non‐cardiac surgery

It is very uncertain whether perioperative restrictive fluid therapy changes all‐cause mortality (during longest compared with goal‐directed fluid therapy (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Perioperative restrictive versus goal‐directed fluid therapy for adults undergoing major non‐cardiac surgery 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RD 0.03 [0, 0.06]
6 studies · 544 participants
Very low

Antihypertensive drug therapy vs placebo or no treatment

All‐cause mortality · adults (18 years of age or older) with hypertension‐induced left ventricular hypertrophy

It is very uncertain whether antihypertensive therapy changes all‐cause mortality compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacotherapy for hypertension‐induced left ventricular hypertrophy 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.02 [0.74, 1.4]
3 studies · 930 participants
Very low

Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs another pharmacological glucose‐lowering monotherapy

All‐cause mortality · people at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at risk… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Family therapy vs psychological interventions

All‐cause mortality ‐ long‐term outcome

1 finding from 1 review

Family therapy approaches for anorexia nervosa 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 participants
GRADE not reported

Antihypertensive drug therapy vs control

All‐cause mortality · adults aged 18‐59 years with primary hypertension (mild to moderate systolic or diastolic hypertension)

Antihypertensive drug therapy showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacotherapy for hypertension in adults aged 18 to 59 years 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.94 [0.77, 1.13]
5 studies · 16776 participants
Low

Triple therapy vs LABA/LAMA combination

Mortality (all‐cause) · stable COPD

Triple therapy may leads to lower mortality (all‐cause) compared with LABA/LAMA combination (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled corticosteroids with combination inhaled long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists for… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.7 [0.54, 0.9]
4 studies · 15397 participants
Low

Radiotherapy vs full axillary surgery

All‐cause mortality · women with operable primary breast cancer

Radiotherapy alone showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with full axillary surgery (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Axillary treatment for operable primary breast cancer 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
HR 1.1 [1, 1.21]
4 studies · 2469 participants
High

Active cancer therapy combined with TCM vs active cancer therapy

All‐cause mortality ‐ not reported · patients with oesophageal cancer

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Chinese herbal medicine for oesophageal cancer 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Metformin vs insulin

All‐cause mortality

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found