Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

51 questions · 51 findings · 21 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 6 · 11.8%GRADE not reported 3 · 5.9%Very low 21 · 41.2%Low 10 · 19.6%Moderate 8 · 15.7%High 3 · 5.9%

Antibiotics vs placebo

All‐cause mortality WMD of · Adults (aged 40 or over) with COPD presenting with 1 or more exacerbations in the previous year. The 2 larger studies (Albert 2011; Sethi…

Antibiotics showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality WMD of compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics vs other antibiotics

All‐cause mortality (penicillin versus doxycycline) · people with leptospirosis

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Antibiotics changes all‐cause mortality (penicillin versus doxycycline) compared with other antibiotics (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Lipopeptide antibiotic (daptomycin) vs aminoglycoside (low‐dose gentamicin) plus anti‐staphylococcal penicillin (nafcillin, oxacillin or flucloxacillin) or glycopeptide antibiotic (vancomycin)

All‐cause mortality during hospital stay and all‐cause mortality at 1 year · people with endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics vs other antibiotics

All‐cause mortality (a cephalosporin (cefotaxime) versus doxycycline) · people with leptospirosis

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Antibiotics changes all‐cause mortality (a cephalosporin (cefotaxime) versus doxycycline) compared with other antibiotics (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics vs placebo or no intervention

All‐cause mortality · farmworkers, soldiers, and people in endemic areas

Summary of findings table ‐ Antibiotics showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with placebo or no intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics vs placebo or no intervention

All‐cause mortality · people with leptospirosis

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Antibiotics changes all‐cause mortality compared with placebo or no intervention (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics vs other antibiotics

All‐cause mortality (penicillin versus a cephalosporin (cefotaxime or ceftriaxone)) · people with leptospirosis

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Antibiotics changes all‐cause mortality (penicillin versus a cephalosporin (cefotaxime… compared with other antibiotics (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) vs immunoglobulin M‐enriched intravenous immunoglobulin with antibiotics

All‐cause mortality during hospital stay · neonates with sepsis

It is very uncertain whether pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) changes all‐cause mortality during hospital stay compared with immunoglobulin M‐enriched intravenous immunoglobulin with antibiotics (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) vs pentoxifylline with antibiotics and immunoglobulin M‐enriched intravenous immunoglobulin

All‐cause mortality during hospital stay · neonates with sepsis

It is very uncertain whether pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) changes all‐cause mortality during hospital stay compared with pentoxifylline with antibiotics and immunoglobulin M‐enriched… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) vs placebo or no intervention

All‐cause mortality during hospital stay · neonates with sepsis

Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) may leads to lower all‐cause mortality during hospital stay compared with placebo or no intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review