What do systematic reviews say?

Exercise vs control

• Interventions for preventing falls in Parkinson's disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  8 studies · 1242 participants
  Very low

Pharmacological interventions vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether pharmacological interventions changes adverse events: all ‐ gastrointestinal effects (e.g. constipation,… compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Pharmacological, non‐invasive brain stimulation and psychological interventions, and their combination, for treating… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.62 [1.19, 2.19]
  4 studies · 473 participants
  Very low

Mindfulness‐based interventions (MBIs) vs non‐active comparators

Mindfulness‐based interventions (MBIs) showed no clear difference in adverse events compared with non‐active comparators (low certainty).

• Meditation for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 5 [0.27, 91.52]
  1 study · 18 participants
  Low

Mindfulness‐based interventions (MBIs) vs active comparators

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Meditation for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Summary of findings for education vs control

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for preventing falls in Parkinson's disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Imiquimod vs cidofovir

Summary of findings for imiquimod showed no clear difference in total serious adverse events compared with cidofovir (moderate certainty).

• Medical and surgical interventions for the treatment of usual‐type vulval intraepithelial neoplasia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.26 [0.88, 1.81]
  1 study · 168 participants
  Moderate

Pharmacological interventions vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether pharmacological interventions changes adverse events: all ‐ central nervous system events (e.g. confusion,… compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Pharmacological, non‐invasive brain stimulation and psychological interventions, and their combination, for treating… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.55 [1.12, 2.15]
  5 studies · 488 participants
  Very low

Parent nutrition education interventions vs no intervention

• Interventions for increasing fruit and vegetable consumption in children aged five years and under 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 343 participants
  Very low

Summary of findings for exercise plus education vs control

• Interventions for preventing falls in Parkinson's disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 343 participants
  Very low

Lay health worker‐led psychosocial interventions vs enhanced usual care

• Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐ and… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 1205 participants
  Low

Heparin started before vs after the surgical procedure

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pharmacological interventions for preventing venous thromboembolism in people undergoing bariatric surgery 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Lay health worker‐ vs enhanced usual care

It is very uncertain whether lay health worker‐led interventions changes adverse events ‐ death in past 12 months (RR > 1 denotes higher risk… compared with enhanced usual care (very low certainty).

• Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐ and… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.32 [0.01, 7.7]
  1 study · 135 participants
  Very low

Ibuprofen taken pre-emptively (about 1 hour before treatment) vs Ibuprofen taken post-treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
  No studies in this comparison reported any adverse events.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Growth hormone (0.23 mg/kg/week for DMD and 0.07 mg/kg/week in BMD SC injection) vs placebo

• Interventions for preventing and treating cardiac complications in Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy and X‐linked… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 16 participants
  Very low

Any surgical or non-surgical technique or material used for the treatment of post-extraction bleeding vs Placebo, no treatment, or another active antifungal intervention

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for treating post‐extraction bleeding 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  No data are available as no RCTs have been conducted on interventions to treat post-extraction bleeding
  0 studies
  No studies found

Antidepressants vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether pharmacological interventions (antidepressants) changes adverse events: death ‐ at end of treatment Analysis 1.12 compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Pharmacological, psychological and non‐invasive brain stimulation interventions for preventing depression after stroke 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.25 [0.32, 4.91]
  9 studies · 496 participants
  Very low

Directed stress management (it is unclear whether these interventions replaced standard treatment or were added to standard treatment) vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for the management of abdominal pain in Crohn's disease and inflammatory bowel disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Self‐directed stress management (it is unclear whether these interventions replaced standard treatment or were added to standard treatment) vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for the management of abdominal pain in Crohn's disease and inflammatory bowel disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Psychological interventions vs usual care

Summary of findings: psychological interventions showed no clear difference in treatment‐related adverse events Anxiety: GAD‐7 (Spitzer 2006) compared with usual care (low certainty).

• Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  MD 0.3
  1 study · 535 participants
  Low

Lay health worker‐led psychological interventions vs usual care

Lay health worker‐led psychological interventions may leads to lower adverse events RR < 1 indicates lower risk of adverse events compared with usual care (low certainty).

• Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐ and… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 1014 participants
  Low