Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

19 questions · 19 findings · 11 reviews · Airways

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No studies found 6 · 31.6%GRADE not reported 1 · 5.3%Very low 3 · 15.8%Low 6 · 31.6%Moderate 2 · 10.5%High 1 · 5.3%

Behavioural intervention vs usual care

Adverse events · autumn asthma exacerbations in children

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for autumn exacerbations of asthma in children 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Multi‐component intervention vs other treatments/routine care

Number experiencing adverse effects · the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

It is very uncertain whether multi‐component intervention changes adverse events: number of people experiencing an AE compared with other intervention or routine, usual care or control treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Digital interventions for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.07 [0.51, 2.25]
1 study · 166 participants
Very low

Multi‐component intervention vs other treatments/routine care

Number of participants experiencing any serious adverse events · the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Multi‐component intervention showed no clear difference in adverse events: number of people experiencing a serious adverse event compared with other intervention or routine, usual care or control treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Digital interventions for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.85 [0.55, 1.34]
1 study · 319 participants
Low

Individual level interventions vs control

Serious adverse events · healthy individuals and those with a pre‐existing health condition

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Individual‐level interventions to reduce personal exposure to outdoor air pollution and their effects on people with… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Multi‐component intervention vs control

Adverse events: number of people experiencing adverse events (all cause or COPD‐related), serious adverse events, mortality · COPD

Multi‐component intervention showed no clear difference in adverse events: number of people experiencing adverse events (all… compared with control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to improve adherence to pharmacological therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.05 [0.6, 1.85]
1 study · 192 participants
Low

Single component intervention vs control

Adverse events: number of people experiencing adverse events (all cause or COPD‐related), serious adverse events, mortality · COPD

It is very uncertain whether single component intervention changes adverse events: number of people experiencing adverse events (all… compared with control (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to improve adherence to pharmacological therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.92 [0.6, 1.41]
3 studies · 404 participants
Very low

Multi‐component interventions (with telehealth as a component of care) vs usual care

Adverse events: number of people with 1 or more (all‐cause) · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

It is very uncertain whether multi‐component interventions (with telehealth as a component of care) changes adverse events: number of people with 1 or more (all‐cause) compared with usual care (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Telehealth interventions: remote monitoring and consultations for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.91 [0.62, 1.33]
2 studies · 485 participants
Very low

Breathing exercises as part of a package of interventions vs control

Serious adverse events · children with asthma

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Breathing exercises for children with asthma 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

NMES and exercise vs exercise (with or without sham NMES)

Minor adverse events assessed: related to intervention only (e.g. redness) · COPD

1 finding from 1 review

Neuromuscular electrostimulation for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 144 participants
Low

NMES vs usual care with or without sham interventions

Minor adverse events assessed: related to intervention only (e.g. redness) · COPD

NMES showed no clear difference in minor adverse events assessed: related to intervention only (e.g.… compared with usual care (with or without sham NMES) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Neuromuscular electrostimulation for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RD 0
5 studies · 139 participants
Low

Anti‐IgE mAb (omalizumab) vs usual care

Adverse events · autumn asthma exacerbations in children

Omalizumab showed no clear difference in adverse events compared with usual care (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for autumn exacerbations of asthma in children 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.99 [0.61, 1.58]
1 study · 361 participants
Moderate

A boost of inhaled corticosteroids vs usual care

Adverse events · autumn asthma exacerbations in children

A boost of inhaled corticosteroids showed no clear difference in adverse events compared with usual care (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for autumn exacerbations of asthma in children 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.67 [0.34, 1.33]
1 study · 176 participants
Moderate

Leukotriene receptor antagonist vs usual care

Adverse events · autumn asthma exacerbations in children

Leukotriene receptor antagonist showed no clear difference in adverse events compared with usual care (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for autumn exacerbations of asthma in children 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.91 [0.63, 1.32]
2 studies · 1326 participants
High

School‐based ICS therapy vs home therapy

Adverse events · children with asthma

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to improve adherence to inhaled steroids for asthma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 99 participants
GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

Adverse events · adolescents with asthma

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Lay‐led and peer support interventions for adolescents with asthma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Simplified vs usual regimens

All adverse events · people with asthma

Simplified showed no clear difference in all adverse events compared with usual regimens (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to improve adherence to inhaled steroids for asthma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.76 [0.56, 1.04]
1 study · 1233 participants
Low

Macrolides vs no intervention

Serious adverse events ‐ not reported · children with bronchiectasis

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Macrolide antibiotics for bronchiectasis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Macrolides vs no intervention

Serious adverse events ‐ not reported · adults with bronchiectasis

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Macrolide antibiotics for bronchiectasis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Testosterone vs placebo

Adverse events (all cause) · Men with COPD

Testosterone therapy showed no clear difference in adverse events (all cause) compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for sexual dysfunction in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.07 [0.07, 15.54]
1 study · 29 participants
Low