What do systematic reviews say?

Cyclosporin vs placebo or no treatment

It is very uncertain whether cyclosporin changes adverse events: ESKD compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

• Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.23 [0.03, 1.79]
  1 study · 25 participants
  Very low

Intranasal corticosteroids vs placebo

Intranasal corticosteroids showed no clear difference in other adverse events compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Intranasal corticosteroids for non‐allergic rhinitis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.99 [0.87, 1.12]
  3 studies · 1130 participants
  Moderate

Antimicrobial vs placebo or no antibiotic

Antimicrobial showed no clear difference in minor adverse events compared with placebo or no antibiotics (low certainty).

• Antimicrobial agents for preventing urinary tract infections in adults undergoing cystoscopy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.82 [0.54, 14.8]
  4 studies · 630 participants
  Low

Any antibiotic regimen plus N‐acetylcysteine vs the same regimen without N‐acetylcysteine (with or without placebo)

• N‐acetylcysteine as an adjuvant therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 336 participants
  Low

Single‐dose intravesical chemotherapy instillation vs placebo or observation after nephroureterectomy

• Single‐dose intravesical chemotherapy after nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 72 participants
  Very low

Antifibrinolytic therapy (tranexamic acid or epsilon aminocaproic acid) vs no treatment or placebo

Antifibrinolytics showed no clear difference in adverse events (any) compared with no treatment or placebo (low certainty).

• Antifibrinolytics for heavy menstrual bleeding 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.05 [0.93, 1.18]
  1 study · 297 participants
  Low

Alpha‐blockers vs placebo

Alpha‐blockers probably leads to higher major adverse events compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Alpha‐blockers as medical expulsive therapy for ureteral stones 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.09 [1.13, 3.86]
  10 studies · 1650 participants
  Moderate

Olanzapine vs placebo/no treatment

Olanzapine showed no clear difference in other adverse events compared with placebo/no treatment (low certainty).

• Olanzapine for the prevention and treatment of cancer‐related nausea and vomiting in adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.71 [0.99, 2.96]
  Studies not reported
  Low

Desmopressin vs placebo

Desmopressin showed no clear difference in major adverse events compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Desmopressin for treating nocturia in men 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3.05 [0.13, 73.39]
  1 study · 115 participants
  Low
• Desmopressin for treating nocturia in men 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.97 [0.1, 9.03]
  2 studies · 536 participants
  Very low

Desmopressin vs placebo

Desmopressin showed no clear difference in minor adverse events compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Desmopressin for treating nocturia in men 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.86 [0.49, 1.49]
  1 study · 115 participants
  Low

Alvimopan vs placebo

Alvimopan probably leads to lower major adverse events compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Alvimopan for recovery of bowel function after radical cystectomy 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.28 [0.18, 0.44]
  1 study · 277 participants
  Moderate

Low‐dose aspirin vs placebo or no treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Aspirin for in vitro fertilisation 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Nefopam 60 mg tds vs placebo

Nefopam 60 mg tds may leads to higher total adverse events compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Neuromodulators for pain management in rheumatoid arthritis 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 4.11 [1.58, 10.69]
  2 studies · 104 participants
  Low

Oromucosal cannabis (Sativex) vs placebo

Oromucosal cannabis (Sativex) may leads to higher total adverse events compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Neuromodulators for pain management in rheumatoid arthritis 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.82 [1.1, 3]
  1 study · 58 participants
  Low

Macrolides vs placebo

Macrolides showed no clear difference in serious adverse events (including mortality) Weighted mean study… compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Macrolides versus placebo for chronic asthma 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.8 [0.49, 1.31]
  8 studies · 854 participants
  Low

Berotralstat vs placebo or active control

Berotralstat showed no clear difference in adverse events(during compared with placebo or active control (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for the long‐term prevention of hereditary angioedema attacks 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.03 [0.88, 1.22]
  3 studies · 128 participants
  Moderate

Plasma‐derived C1 esterase inhibitor vs placebo or active control

Plasma‐derived C1 esterase inhibitor showed no clear difference in adverse events(during compared with placebo or active control (low certainty).

• Interventions for the long‐term prevention of hereditary angioedema attacks 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.05 [0.78, 1.42]
  1 study · 71 participants
  Low

Recombinant human C1 esterase inhibitor vs placebo or active control

Recombinant human C1 esterase inhibitor showed no clear difference in adverse events(during compared with placebo or active control (low certainty).

• Interventions for the long‐term prevention of hereditary angioedema attacks 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.39 [0.71, 2.7]
  1 study · 29 participants
  Low

Lanadelumab vs placebo or active control

Lanadelumab showed no clear difference in adverse events(during compared with placebo or active control (low certainty).

• Interventions for the long‐term prevention of hereditary angioedema attacks 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.07 [0.77, 1.47]
  2 studies · 158 participants
  Low

Oral hydroxychloroquine vs placebo

Oral hydroxychloroquine showed no clear difference in adverse events: minor compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for cutaneous disease in systemic lupus erythematosus 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.32 [0.24, 7.19]
  1 study · 47 participants
  Moderate