Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

4,918 questions · 5,537 findings · 1,803 reviews

No studies found 1,309 · 23.6%GRADE not reported 440 · 7.9%Very low 1,560 · 28.2%Low 1,292 · 23.3%Moderate 751 · 13.6%High 185 · 3.3%

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Summary of findings: Inhaled antibiotics plus IV antibiotics vs IV antibiotics

Adverse events (moderate) · adults and children with cystic fibrosis (during acute exacerbations of lung disease)

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings: Inhaled antibiotics plus IV antibiotics changes adverse events moderate adverse events experienced during and after… compared with IV antibiotics only (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol vs formoterol

Adverse events (not including serious adverse events): number of participants · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol leads to lower adverse events (not including serious adverse events): number of… compared with formoterol (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol vs placebo

Adverse events (not including serious adverse events): number of participants · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol showed no clear difference in adverse events (not including serious adverse events): number of… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol vs aclidinium alone

Adverse events (not including serious adverse events): number of participants · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol showed no clear difference in adverse events (not including serious adverse events): number of… compared with aclidinium alone (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

CHLORPROMAZINE vs piperacetazine

Adverse effects. Specific: movement disorders ‐ parkinsonism · patients with schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether chlorpromazine changes adverse effects/events: clinically important movement disorder… compared with piperacetazine (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dose comparison: oestrogen 100 µg patch vs 200 µg patch plus progestogen

Adverse events ‐ specific side effects attributed to oestrogen over 8 months' · women with PMS

It is very uncertain whether dose comparison: oestrogen 100 µg patch changes adverse events ‐ specific side effects attributed to oestrogen over… compared with 200 µg patch plus progestogen (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

RISPERIDONE DEPOT vs RISPERIDONE

Adverse events: Movement disorder ‐ any extra pyramidal symptoms ‐ short term · patients with schizophrenia

RISPERIDONE DEPOT showed no clear difference in adverse events: Movement disorder ‐ any extra pyramidal symptoms ‐… compared with ORAL RISPERIDONE (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Sensitivity analysis: proportion of participants experiencing adverse events. · people with chronic low back pain

The intervention showed no clear difference in sensitivity analysis: proportion of participants experiencing… (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Lay health worker‐ vs enhanced usual care

Adverse events ‐ death in past 12 months (RR > 1 denotes higher risk of death) · adult patients with alcohol dependence

It is very uncertain whether lay health worker‐led interventions changes adverse events ‐ death in past 12 months (RR > 1 denotes higher risk… compared with enhanced usual care (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Exercise vs control immediately post intervention

Adverse events The timing of measurement was post‐intervention for all studies · people with multiple sclerosis

Exercise showed no clear difference in adverse events The timing of measurement was post‐intervention for… compared with control (post‐intervention) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Providing information about the residents? fall risk vs usual care

Serious adverse events related to the use of physical restraints ‐ not measured · older people in all long‐term care settings

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Immunosuppressive treatment vs placebo/no treatment/non‐immunosuppressive supportive treatment

Adverse events ‐ temporary or permanent discontinuation/hospitalisation at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

Immunosuppressive treatment probably leads to higher adverse events: temporary/permanent discontinuation or… compared with placebo/no treatment/non‐immunosuppressive supportive treatment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early warning systems (EWS) and rapid response systems (RRS) vs usual care

Adverse events (unexpected cardiac or respiratory arrest) – non‐randomised studies ( · adult on acute hospital wards at risk of clinical deterioration
2 findings from 1 review

5‐ASA vs control (all trials)

Number of participants with adverse events (epigastric pain, nausea, diarrhoea) · patients with the need for management of diverticulitis

5‐ASA showed no clear difference in number of participants with adverse events (epigastric pain, nausea,… compared with control (all trials) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

CERA vs other ESA

Adverse events: hypertension · patients with the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease undergoing dialysis

CERA showed no clear difference in numbers of adverse events due to hypertension: CERA every 2 weeks… compared with other ESA (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review