Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

1,949 questions · 1,994 findings · 636 reviews

No studies found 504 · 25.3%GRADE not reported 340 · 17.1%Very low 477 · 23.9%Low 390 · 19.6%Moderate 241 · 12.1%High 42 · 2.1%

TNF‐α blockers intervention vs placebo or additional treatment

Adverse effects: contact dermatitis · children diagnosed with Kawasaki disease

It is very uncertain whether TNF‐α blockers intervention changes adverse effects after treatment initiation: cutaneous reactions… compared with placebo or additional treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

FLUPHENAZINE (ORAL) vs placebo

Adverse effects: extrapyramidal adverse effectsParkinsonism (rigidity) short term (< 3 months) Clinical diagnoses · patients with schizophrenia

ORAL FLUPHENAZINE probably leads to higher adverse effects: Extrapyramidal effects (rigidity) ‐ short… compared with PLACEBO (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intranasal beta‐estradiol vs placebo

Adverse effects Intranasal beta‐estradiol 0.021 mg/day, 0.029 mg/day or 0.040 mg/day · women with hot flushes

Intranasal beta‐estradiol probably leads to higher adverse effects Intranasal beta‐estradiol 0.021 mg/day, 0.029 mg/day… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intraoral distalising appliance vs Headgear (extraoral appliance)

Adverse effects (headgear injuries, gum health, tooth damage/decay, root resorption) · Children and adolescents (aged 16 years or less at the start of treatment) undergoing orthodontic treatment to distalise upper first…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Intraoral distalising appliance vs Another (different) intraoral distalising appliance

Adverse effects (headgear injuries, gum health, tooth damage/decay, root resorption) · Children and adolescents (aged 16 years or less at the start of treatment) undergoing orthodontic treatment to distalise upper first…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

ANY INTERMITTENT DRUG TECHNIQUE vs MAINTENANCE THERAPY

Adverse effects: tardive dyskinesia: long term (+ 26 weeks) as defined in each study · patients with schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether INTERMITTENT (DRUG HOLIDAY) changes adverse effects: tardive dyskinesia: long term (+ 26 weeks) as… compared with MAINTENANCE THERAPY (very low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Orthodontic distalising appliance (intraoral or extraoral) vs no intervention

Adverse effects (headgear injuries, gum health, tooth damage/decay, root resorption) · Children and adolescents (aged 16 years or less at the start of treatment) undergoing orthodontic treatment to distalise upper first…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled tobramycin (TNS) plus oral azithromycin vs TNS plus oral placebo

Number experiencing adverse effects · children with cystic fibrosis and a new culture positive for P aeruginosa

Inhaled tobramycin (TNS) plus oral azithromycin showed no clear difference in adverse effects of antibiotics: number of participants experiencing… compared with TNS plus oral placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Ginkgo biloba vs placebo

Other adverse effects (gastrointestinal upset, headache, allergic reaction) · adults with tinnitus

Ginkgo biloba showed no clear difference in other adverse effects (gastrointestinal upset, headache, allergic… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vigabatrin vs placebo

Adverse effects: dizziness, lightheadedness · people (aged 10–64 years) with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy

Vigabatrin may leads to higher adverse effects: dizziness/light‐headedness Duration of treatment… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Bexarotene + PUVA vs PUVA

Common adverse effects ‐ Photosensitivity (Time point of measurement: up to 16 weeks) · people with mycosis fungoides

Bexarotene + PUVA showed no clear difference in common adverse effects ‐ Photosensitivity (Time point of… compared with PUVA alone (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

HALOPERIDOL vs first‐generation antipsychotics

Number of participants reporting an adverse event · patients with schizophrenia

Haloperidol showed no clear difference in adverse effects: number of participants with at least one adverse… compared with first‐generation antipsychotics (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

STANDARD‐HIGHER DOSE (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term

Adverse effects: 5a. Movement disorders ‐ specific symptoms ‐ EPS: unspecified ‐ versus high dose ( greater than or equal to 10 mg) · patients with schizophrenia

STANDARD‐HIGHER DOSE (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) probably leads to lower adverse effects: EPS: unspecified ‐ Versus high dose (greater than… compared with ANY DOSE ‐ short term (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review