What do systematic reviews say?

Oral beta‐estradiol vs placebo

• Bioidentical hormones for women with vasomotor symptoms 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 433 participants
  Low

NSAIDs vs paracetamol

It is very uncertain whether NSAIDs changes all adverse effects ‐ ibuprofen versus paracetamol compared with paracetamol (very low certainty).

• Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for dysmenorrhoea 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.85 [0.31, 2.34]
  Studies not reported
  Very low

Intervention not reported

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes adverse effects (related to the exercise programs) (very low certainty).

• High‐intensity versus low‐intensity physical activity or exercise in people with hip or knee osteoarthritis 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  Peto OR 1.72 [0.51, 5.81]
  4 studies · 364 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Aspiration of the elbow joint for treating radial head fractures 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 108 participants
  GRADE not reported

New‐generation antidepressants vs placebo

New‐generation antidepressants showed no clear difference in adverse effects (drop‐outs due to adverse effects) compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.26 [0.52, 9.81]
  2 studies · 163 participants
  Low

Antidepressants vs a combination of medications

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Tricyclic antidepressants vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

HALOPERIDOL vs placebo

HALOPERIDOL probably leads to higher adverse effects: Movement disorders ‐ parkinsonism compared with PLACEBO (moderate certainty).

• Haloperidol versus placebo for schizophrenia 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 5.48 [2.68, 11.22]
  5 studies · 485 participants
  Moderate

Ciprofloxacin vs fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin showed no clear difference in adverse effects of treatment ‐ any adverse effects compared with comparator fluoroquinolone (moderate certainty).

• Antimicrobial therapy for chronic bacterial prostatitis 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.16 [0.95, 1.42]
  3 studies · 967 participants
  Moderate

Levofloxacin vs fluoroquinolones

Levofloxacin showed no clear difference in adverse effects of treatment ‐ any adverse effects compared with comparator fluoroquinolone (moderate certainty).

• Antimicrobial therapy for chronic bacterial prostatitis 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.88 [0.72, 1.08]
  3 studies · 874 participants
  Moderate

Levofloxacin vs ciprofloxacin

Levofloxacin showed no clear difference in adverse effects of treatment ‐ any adverse effects compared with ciprofloxacin (moderate certainty).

• Antimicrobial therapy for chronic bacterial prostatitis 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.86 [0.7, 1.06]
  2 studies · 785 participants
  Moderate

Lomefloxacin vs fluoroquinolones

Lomefloxacin showed no clear difference in adverse effects of treatment ‐ any adverse effects compared with comparator fluoroquinolone (moderate certainty).

• Antimicrobial therapy for chronic bacterial prostatitis 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.64 [0.34, 1.21]
  2 studies · 215 participants
  Moderate

Atypical vs typical antipsychotics (only short term)

• Atypical antipsychotics for psychosis in adolescents 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 21 participants
  Moderate

Oestrogen vs placebo or no treatment

Oestrogen showed no clear difference in number with adverse effects ‐ Local administration compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).

• Oestrogen therapy for urinary incontinence in post‐menopausal women 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.33 [0.32, 5.61]
  2 studies · 144 participants
  Moderate

Balneotherapy vs no treatment

Balneotherapy showed no clear difference in adverse effects of treatment (thromboembolic event) compared with no treatment (low certainty).

• Balneotherapy for chronic venous insufficiency 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.35 [0.09, 1.42]
  3 studies · 584 participants
  Low

Intranasal steroid spray vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether topical (intranasal) steroids changes adverse event: systemic corticosteroid side effects compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Topical and oral steroids for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Very low

Intranasal steroid spray vs no treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Topical and oral steroids for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Oral steroids vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether oral steroids changes adverse event: systemic corticosteroid side effects compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Topical and oral steroids for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Very low

Oral steroids vs no treatment

• Topical and oral steroids for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Very low

Full-time clear plastic (removable) retainer vs Any type of fixed (bonded) retainer

It is very uncertain whether full-time clear plastic (removable) retainer changes adverse effects on oral health: caries (lower arch) compared with any type of fixed (bonded) retainer (very low certainty).

• Retention procedures for stabilising tooth position after treatment with orthodontic braces 2023 · Cochrane All outcomes

  12 months · lower arch
  RD 0.00 [-0.05, 0.05]
  1 study · 84 participants
  Very low