Non-Cochrane · prognostic · PM41507910
Association of frailty and mortality risk in community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 59 international prospective cohort studies.
Li Yuelin, Seo Hyunju, Cho Youmin, et al. · BMC public health · 2026 · PubMed · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-26082-w
Findings
16 findings
| Population | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Community-dwelling older adults (aged 60 and above) | Non-robust (frail, prefrail or equivalent) on any frailty instrument | Robust (no signs of frailty) | All-cause mortality Follow-up 1 to 15 years · Community | HR 1.83 [1.70, 1.97] GRADE not reported 56 studies |
| Community-dwelling older adults (aged 60 and above) | Non-robust (frail, prefrail or equivalent) on any frailty instrument | Robust (no signs of frailty) | All-cause mortality Follow-up 1 to 15 years · Community · Sensitivity analysis: excluding studies at high risk of bias (ROBINS-E) | HR 1.46 [1.27, 1.68] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Community-dwelling older adults (aged 60 and above) | Non-robust (frail, prefrail or equivalent) on any frailty instrument | Robust (no signs of frailty) | Mortality from non-lifestyle-related diseases (dementia, cancer) Follow-up 1 to 15 years · Community · Non-lifestyle-related diseases | HR 1.97 [1.37, 2.85] GRADE not reported 5 studies |
| Community-dwelling older adults (aged 60 and above) | Non-robust (frail, prefrail or equivalent) on any frailty instrument | Robust (no signs of frailty) | Mortality from lifestyle-related diseases (cerebrovascular, heart, cardiovascular, respiratory) Follow-up 1 to 15 years · Community · Lifestyle-related diseases | HR 1.94 [1.52, 2.46] GRADE not reported 6 studies |
| Community-dwelling older adults (aged 60 and above) | Non-robust (frail, prefrail or equivalent) on any frailty instrument | Robust (no signs of frailty) | Cause-specific mortality Follow-up 1 to 15 years · Community | HR 1.95 [1.59, 2.38] GRADE not reported 7 studies |
| Community-dwelling older adults (aged 60 and above) | Non-robust (frail, prefrail or equivalent) on any frailty instrument | Robust (no signs of frailty) | All-cause mortality Follow-up 1 to 15 years · Community · Sensitivity analysis: trim-and-fill adjusted | HR 1.11 [1.11, 1.29] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Community-dwelling older adults (aged 60 and above) | Non-robust on physical frailty instruments | Robust | All-cause mortality Follow-up 1 to 15 years · Community · Sensitivity analysis: trim-and-fill adjusted | HR 1.17 [1.03, 1.31] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Community-dwelling older adults (aged 60 and above) | Non-robust on physical frailty instruments | Robust | All-cause mortality Follow-up 1 to 15 years · Community | HR 1.74 [1.53, 1.99] GRADE not reported 35 studies |
| Community-dwelling older adults (aged 60 and above) | Non-robust on multidimensional frailty instruments | Robust | All-cause mortality Follow-up 1 to 15 years · Community · Sensitivity analysis: trim-and-fill adjusted | HR 1.85 [1.61, 2.12] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Community-dwelling older adults (aged 60 and above) | Non-robust on multidimensional frailty instruments | Robust | All-cause mortality Follow-up 1 to 15 years · Community | HR 2.25 [1.97, 2.57] GRADE not reported 26 studies |
| Community-dwelling older adults (aged 60 and above) | Non-robust on phenotype-based frailty models (CHS and variations) | Robust | All-cause mortality Follow-up 1 to 15 years · Community · Frail and prefrail groups combined (Fig. 7b overall) | HR 1.60 [1.46, 1.76] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Community-dwelling older adults (aged 60 and above) | Non-robust on phenotype-based frailty models (CHS and variations) | Robust | All-cause mortality Follow-up 1 to 15 years · Community · Sensitivity analysis: trim-and-fill adjusted | HR 1.15 [1.01, 1.32] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Community-dwelling older adults (aged 60 and above) | Non-robust on phenotype-based frailty models (CHS and variations) | Robust | All-cause mortality Follow-up 1 to 15 years · Community | HR 1.71 [1.48, 1.97] GRADE not reported 29 studies |
| Community-dwelling older adults (aged 60 and above) | Frail on phenotype-based frailty models | Robust | All-cause mortality Follow-up 1 to 15 years · Community · Sensitivity analysis: trim-and-fill adjusted | HR 1.21 [0.99, 1.49] GRADE not reported Studies not reported |
| Community-dwelling older adults (aged 60 years and above) | Frail, phenotype-based models | Robust status | All-cause mortality Follow-up 1 to 15 years · Community-dwelling older adults in prospective cohorts from multiple countries | HR 2.18 [1.72, 2.75] GRADE not reported 26 studies |
| Community-dwelling older adults (aged 60 years and above) | Prefrail, phenotype-based models | Robust status | All-cause mortality Follow-up 1 to 15 years · Community-dwelling older adults in prospective cohorts from multiple countries | HR 1.51 [1.37, 1.67] GRADE not reported 22 studies |
Included primary studies 116
Open in Studies| Study | Year | Also included by | Outcomes it informs here | Trial data |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tanaka 2023 Oral frailty five‐item checklist to predict adverse health outcomes in community‐dwelling older adults: A Kashiwa cohort study DOI:10.1111/ggi.14634 | 2023 | 1 other review | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Tanaka 2023 Oral frailty five-item checklist to predict adverse health outcomes in community-dwelling older adults: A Kashiwa cohort study. PMID:37661091 | 2023 | 1 other review | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Adabag 2018 Frailty as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Versus Noncardiovascular Mortality in Older Men: Results From the MrOS Sleep (Outcomes of… DOI:10.1161/jaha.118.008974 | 2018 | this review only | All-cause mortality; Mortality from lifestyle-related diseases (cerebrovascular, heart, cardiovascular, respiratory) | not extracted yet |
| Adabag 2018 Frailty as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Versus Noncardiovascular Mortality in Older Men: Results From the MrOS Sleep (Outcomes of… PMID:29728373 | 2018 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Aguilar-Navarr 2014 Frailty among Mexican community-dwelling elderly: a story told 11 years later.The Mexican Health and Aging Study DOI:10.21149/spm.v57s1.7591 | 2015 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Aguilar-Navarro 2014 Frailty among Mexican community-dwelling elderly: a story told 11 years later. The Mexican Health and Aging Study. PMID:26172236 | 2015 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Albala 2017 Frequency of frailty and its association with cognitive status and survival in older Chileans DOI:10.2147/cia.s136906 | 2017 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Albala 2017 Frequency of frailty and its association with cognitive status and survival in older Chileans. PMID:28721027 | 2017 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Andrew 2008 Social Vulnerability, Frailty and Mortality in Elderly People DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0002232 | 2008 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Andrew 2008 Social vulnerability, frailty and mortality in elderly people. PMID:18493324 | 2008 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Anna 2016 Do commonly used frailty models predict mortality, loss of autonomy and mental decline in older adults in northwestern Russia? A… DOI:10.1186/s12877-016-0276-4 | 2016 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Anna 2016 Do commonly used frailty models predict mortality, loss of autonomy and mental decline in older adults in northwestern Russia? A… PMID:27160275 | 2016 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Bartosch 2018 Progression of frailty and prevalence of osteoporosis in a community cohort of older women—a 10-year longitudinal study DOI:10.1007/s00198-018-4593-7 | 2018 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Bartosch 2018 Progression of frailty and prevalence of osteoporosis in a community cohort of older women-a 10-year longitudinal study. PMID:29947868 | 2018 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Beauchet 2022 CARE frailty e-health scale: Association with incident adverse health outcomes and comparison with the Cardiovascular Health Study frailty… DOI:10.1016/j.maturitas.2022.04.006 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Beauchet 2022 CARE frailty e-health scale: Association with incident adverse health outcomes and comparison with the Cardiovascular Health Study frailty… PMID:35537241 | 2022 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Carolina 2023 Frailty as a predictor of mortality: a comparative cohort study of older adults in Costa Rica and the United States DOI:10.1186/s12889-023-16900-4 | 2023 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Carolina 2023 Frailty as a predictor of mortality: a comparative cohort study of older adults in Costa Rica and the United States. PMID:37817140 | 2023 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Cawthon 2007 Frailty in Older Men: Prevalence, Progression, and Relationship with Mortality DOI:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01259.x | 2007 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Cawthon 2007 Frailty in older men: prevalence, progression, and relationship with mortality. PMID:17661960 | 2007 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Cella 2021 Multidimensional Frailty Predicts Mortality Better than Physical Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older People: A Five-Year Longitudinal… DOI:10.3390/ijerph182312435 | 2021 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Cella 2021 Multidimensional Frailty Predicts Mortality Better than Physical Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older People: A Five-Year Longitudinal… PMID:34886161 | 2021 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Crow 2018 Mortality Risk Along the Frailty Spectrum: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999 to 2004 DOI:10.1111/jgs.15220 | 2018 | this review only | All-cause mortality; Mortality from lifestyle-related diseases (cerebrovascular, heart, cardiovascular, respiratory) | not extracted yet |
| Crow 2018 Mortality Risk Along the Frailty Spectrum: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999 to 2004. PMID:29368330 | 2018 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Daniels 2012 The predictive validity of three self-report screening instruments for identifying frail older people in the community DOI:10.1186/1471-2458-12-69 | 2012 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Daniels 2012 The predictive validity of three self-report screening instruments for identifying frail older people in the community. PMID:22269425 | 2012 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Diniz 2018 Frailty and its relationship with mortality among older adults from a Brazilian community: A cohort study DOI:10.24816/jcgg.2018.v9i1.06 | 2018 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Diniz 2022 Cognitive Frailty is Associated With Elevated Proinflammatory Markers and a Higher Risk of Mortality DOI:10.1016/j.jagp.2022.01.012 | 2022 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Diniz 2022 Cognitive Frailty is Associated With Elevated Proinflammatory Markers and a Higher Risk of Mortality. PMID:35227616 | 2022 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Ekram 2023 The association between frailty and incident cardiovascular disease events in community-dwelling healthy older adults DOI:10.1016/j.ahjo.2023.100289 | 2023 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Ekram 2023 The association between frailty and incident cardiovascular disease events in community-dwelling healthy older adults. PMID:37168270 | 2023 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Fried 2001 Frailty in Older Adults: Evidence for a Phenotype DOI:10.1093/gerona/56.3.m146 | 2001 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Fried 2001 Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. PMID:11253156 | 2001 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Gilardi 2018 Frailty as a predictor of mortality and hospital services use in older adults: a cluster analysis in a cohort study DOI:10.1093/eurpub/cky006 | 2018 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Gilardi 2018 Frailty as a predictor of mortality and hospital services use in older adults: a cluster analysis in a cohort study. PMID:29590362 | 2018 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Gobbens 2021 Prediction of Mortality by the Tilburg Frailty Indicator (TFI) DOI:10.1016/j.jamda.2020.07.033 | 2021 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Gobbens 2021 Prediction of Mortality by the Tilburg Frailty Indicator (TFI). PMID:32883597 | 2021 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Graham 2009 Frailty and 10-Year Mortality in Community-Living Mexican American Older Adults DOI:10.1159/000235653 | 2009 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Graham 2009 Frailty and 10-year mortality in community-living Mexican American older adults. PMID:19690395 | 2009 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Hao 2019 Prediction of mortality in Chinese very old people through the frailty index based on routine laboratory data DOI:10.1038/s41598-018-36569-9 | 2019 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Hao 2019 Prediction of mortality in Chinese very old people through the frailty index based on routine laboratory data. PMID:30659252 | 2019 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Jacobs 2011 Frailty, cognitive impairment and mortality among the oldest old DOI:10.1007/s12603-011-0096-3 | 2011 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Jacobs 2011 Frailty, cognitive impairment and mortality among the oldest old. PMID:21968864 | 2011 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| John 2016 The cumulative effect of frailty and cognition on mortality – results of a prospective cohort study DOI:10.1017/s1041610216002088 | 2017 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| John 2016 The cumulative effect of frailty and cognition on mortality - results of a prospective cohort study. PMID:27903307 | 2017 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Josep 2013 Prevalence of frailty phenotypes and risk of mortality in a community-dwelling elderly cohort DOI:10.1093/ageing/afs047 | 2012 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Josep 2013 Prevalence of frailty phenotypes and risk of mortality in a community-dwelling elderly cohort. PMID:22454134 | 2013 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Juan 2014 Frailty, Dependency and Mortality Predictors in a Cohort of Cuban Older Adults, 2003–2011 DOI:10.37757/mr2014.v16.n1.6 | 2014 | this review only | Mortality from lifestyle-related diseases (cerebrovascular, heart, cardiovascular, respiratory); Mortality from non-lifestyle-related diseases (dementia, cancer) | not extracted yet |
| Juan 2014 Frailty, dependency and mortality predictors in a cohort of Cuban older adults, 2003-2011. PMID:24487672 | 2014 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Jung 2014 Prevalence and Outcomes of Frailty in Korean Elderly Population: Comparisons of a Multidimensional Frailty Index with Two Phenotype Models DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0087958 | 2014 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Jung 2014 Prevalence and outcomes of frailty in Korean elderly population: comparisons of a multidimensional frailty index with two phenotype models. PMID:24505338 | 2014 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Kawai 2024 Impact of combinations of subscale declines in higher-level functional capacity on 8-year all-cause mortality among community-dwelling… DOI:10.1016/j.archger.2023.105096 | 2023 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Kawai 2024 Impact of combinations of subscale declines in higher-level functional capacity on 8-year all-cause mortality among community-dwelling… PMID:37311368 | 2023 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Langholz 2018 Frailty phenotype and its association with all‐cause mortality in community‐dwelling Norwegian women and men aged 70 years and older: The… DOI:10.1111/ggi.13447 | 2018 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Langholz 2018 Frailty phenotype and its association with all-cause mortality in community-dwelling Norwegian women and men aged 70 years and older: The… PMID:29808951 | 2018 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Lee 2020 Frailty and Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment DOI:10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e16 | 2020 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Lee 2020 The Predictive Value of Social Frailty on Adverse Outcomes in Older Adults Living in the Community. PMID:32362535 | 2020 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Li 2022 Association of longitudinal repeated measurements of frailty index with mortality: Cohort study among community-dwelling older adults DOI:10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101630 | 2022 | this review only | All-cause mortality; Mortality from lifestyle-related diseases (cerebrovascular, heart, cardiovascular, respiratory); Mortality from non-lifestyle-related diseases (dementia, cancer) | not extracted yet |
| Li 2022 Association of longitudinal repeated measurements of frailty index with mortality: Cohort study among community-dwelling older adults. PMID:36119560 | 2022 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Li 2023 Joint predictability of physical frailty/pre-frailty and subjective memory complaints on mortality risk among cognitively unimpaired older… DOI:10.1007/s10433-023-00765-y | 2023 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Li 2023 Joint predictability of physical frailty/pre-frailty and subjective memory complaints on mortality risk among cognitively unimpaired older… PMID:37199786 | 2023 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Liu 2017 Cognitive Frailty and Its Association with All-Cause Mortality Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Taiwan: Results from I-Lan… DOI:10.1089/rej.2017.2038 | 2018 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Liu 2017 Cognitive Frailty and Its Association with All-Cause Mortality Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Taiwan: Results from I-Lan… PMID:29644921 | 2018 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Lohman 2020 Frailty Phenotype and Cause-Specific Mortality in the United States DOI:10.1093/gerona/glaa025 | 2020 | this review only | All-cause mortality; Mortality from lifestyle-related diseases (cerebrovascular, heart, cardiovascular, respiratory); Mortality from non-lifestyle-related diseases (dementia, cancer) | not extracted yet |
| Lohman 2020 Frailty Phenotype and Cause-Specific Mortality in the United States. PMID:31956891 | 2020 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| MA 2019 Novel Frailty Screening Questionnaire (FSQ) Predicts 8-Year Mortality in Older Adults in China DOI:10.14283/jfa.2018.38 | 2019 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| MA 2019 Novel Frailty Screening Questionnaire (FSQ) Predicts 8-year Mortality in Older Adults in China. PMID:30734829 | 2019 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Molina 2024 Effect of frailty status on mortality risk among chilean community-dwelling older adults DOI:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2024.04.011 | 2024 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Molina 2024 Effect of frailty status on mortality risk among chilean community-dwelling older adults. PMID:38657397 | 2024 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Morkphrom 2022 Severity of frailty using modified Thai frailty index, social factors, and prediction of mortality among community-dwelling older adults… DOI:10.3389/fmed.2022.1060990 | 2022 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Morkphrom 2022 Severity of frailty using modified Thai frailty index, social factors, and prediction of mortality among community-dwelling older adults… PMID:36569139 | 2022 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Ouvrard 2019 Psychosocioeconomic Precariousness and Frailty: The Respective Contribution in Predicting Mortality DOI:10.14283/jfa.2018.36 | 2019 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Ouvrard 2019 Psychosocioeconomic Precariousness and Frailty: The Respective Contribution in Predicting Mortality. PMID:30734831 | 2019 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Rath 2021 Frailty, Disability, and Mortality in a Rural Community-Dwelling Elderly Cohort from Northern India. PMID:34759484 | 2021 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Roman 2014 A Frailty Instrument for primary care for those aged 75 years or more: findings from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in… DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006645 | 2014 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Roman 2014 A Frailty Instrument for primary care for those aged 75 years or more: findings from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in… PMID:25537787 | 2014 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Rosas 2022 Stressful events, depressive symptoms, and frailty associated to older adults’ survival and mortality DOI:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2022.04.025 | 2022 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Rosas 2022 Stressful events, depressive symptoms, and frailty associated to older adults' survival and mortality. PMID:35609433 | 2022 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Sachs 2021 Self-Rated Frailty and Mortality in Old Men: The Manitoba Follow-Up Study DOI:10.14283/jfa.2020.14 | 2021 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Sachs 2021 Self-Rated Frailty and Mortality in Old Men: The Manitoba Follow-up Study. PMID:33331621 | 2021 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Salminen 2020 Frailty and mortality: an 18-year follow-up study among Finnish community-dwelling older people DOI:10.1007/s40520-019-01383-4 | 2019 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Salminen 2020 Frailty and mortality: an 18-year follow-up study among Finnish community-dwelling older people. PMID:31654244 | 2020 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Satake 2017 Validity of Total Kihon Checklist Score for Predicting the Incidence of 3-Year Dependency and Mortality in a Community-Dwelling Older… DOI:10.1016/j.jamda.2017.03.013 | 2017 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Satake 2017 Validity of Total Kihon Checklist Score for Predicting the Incidence of 3-Year Dependency and Mortality in a Community-Dwelling Older… PMID:28479274 | 2017 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Shi 2019 Frailty phenotype, frailty index and risk of mortality in Chinese elderly population- Rugao longevity and ageing study DOI:10.1016/j.archger.2018.11.001 | 2019 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Shi 2019 Frailty phenotype, frailty index and risk of mortality in Chinese elderly population- Rugao longevity and ageing study. PMID:30448694 | 2019 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Shi 2024 Interaction between hypertension and frailty and their impact on death risk in older adults: a follow-up study DOI:10.1186/s12877-024-04793-w | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Shi 2024 Interaction between hypertension and frailty and their impact on death risk in older adults: a follow-up study. PMID:38402390 | 2024 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Shin 2021 Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Frailty Scale for Clinical Geriatric Assessment DOI:10.1007/s12603-021-1652-0 | 2021 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Shin 2021 Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Frailty Scale for Clinical Geriatric Assessment. PMID:34409975 | 2021 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Stolz 2024 Frailty predicts all-cause and cause-specific mortality among older adults in Austria: 8-year mortality follow-up of the Austrian Health… DOI:10.1186/s12877-023-04633-3 | 2024 | this review only | All-cause mortality; Mortality from lifestyle-related diseases (cerebrovascular, heart, cardiovascular, respiratory); Mortality from non-lifestyle-related diseases (dementia, cancer) | not extracted yet |
| Stolz 2024 Frailty predicts all-cause and cause-specific mortality among older adults in Austria: 8-year mortality follow-up of the Austrian Health… PMID:38172757 | 2024 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Strandberg 2021 Phenotypic frailty and multimorbidity are independent 18-year mortality risk indicators in older men DOI:10.1007/s41999-021-00472-w | 2021 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Strandberg 2021 Phenotypic frailty and multimorbidity are independent 18-year mortality risk indicators in older men : The Helsinki Businessmen Study (HBS). PMID:33661507 | 2021 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Sun 2023 Incidence and predictive value of social frailty among community-dwelling older adults in Southwest China: A prospective cohort study DOI:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1103651 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Sun 2023 Incidence and predictive value of social frailty among community-dwelling older adults in Southwest China: A prospective cohort study. PMID:36891342 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Thompson 2019 Recurrent Measurement of Frailty Is Important for Mortality Prediction: Findings from the North West Adelaide Health Study DOI:10.1111/jgs.16066 | 2019 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Thompson 2019 Recurrent Measurement of Frailty Is Important for Mortality Prediction: Findings from the North West Adelaide Health Study. PMID:31317527 | 2019 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Verghese 2021 Trajectories of frailty in aging: Prospective cohort study DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0253976 | 2021 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Verghese 2021 Trajectories of frailty in aging: Prospective cohort study. PMID:34252094 | 2021 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Wang 2019 Frailty, transition in frailty status and all-cause mortality in older adults of a Taichung community-based population DOI:10.1186/s12877-019-1039-9 | 2019 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Wang 2019 Frailty, transition in frailty status and all-cause mortality in older adults of a Taichung community-based population. PMID:30691410 | 2019 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Watanabe 2022 Combined use of two frailty tools in predicting mortality in older adults DOI:10.1038/s41598-022-19148-x | 2022 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Watanabe 2022 Combined use of two frailty tools in predicting mortality in older adults. PMID:36057638 | 2022 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Wu 2024 Joint Association of Physical Frailty and Self-Rated Health With Mortality Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults DOI:10.1093/gerona/glad286 | 2023 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Wu 2024 Joint Association of Physical Frailty and Self-Rated Health With Mortality Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults. PMID:38153759 | 2024 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Xue 2021 Progression of Physical Frailty and the Risk of All‐Cause Mortality: Is There a Point of No Return? DOI:10.1111/jgs.16976 | 2020 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Xue 2021 Progression of Physical Frailty and the Risk of All-Cause Mortality: Is There a Point of No Return? PMID:33368158 | 2021 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Yamada 2018 Social Frailty Predicts Incident Disability and Mortality Among Community-Dwelling Japanese Older Adults DOI:10.1016/j.jamda.2018.09.013 | 2018 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Yamada 2018 Social Frailty Predicts Incident Disability and Mortality Among Community-Dwelling Japanese Older Adults. PMID:30471801 | 2018 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Yang 2025 Frailty Risk Patterns and Mortality Prediction in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A 3-Year Longitudinal Study DOI:10.1016/j.jamda.2024.105359 | 2025 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Yang 2025 Frailty Risk Patterns and Mortality Prediction in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A 3-Year Longitudinal Study. PMID:39557075 | 2025 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Yuki 2018 Physical frailty and mortality risk in Japanese older adults DOI:10.1111/ggi.13316 | 2018 | this review only | All-cause mortality; Mortality from non-lifestyle-related diseases (dementia, cancer) | not extracted yet |
| Yuki 2018 Physical frailty and mortality risk in Japanese older adults. PMID:29608043 | 2018 | this review only | All-cause mortality | not extracted yet |
| Zhao 2023 Effect of frailty status on mortality risk among Chinese community-dwelling older adults: a prospective cohort study DOI:10.1186/s12877-023-03759-8 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
| Zhao 2023 Effect of frailty status on mortality risk among Chinese community-dwelling older adults: a prospective cohort study. PMID:36934220 | 2023 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet |
Overlap with other reviews
Reviews that include the same primary studies are not independent evidence. Shared counts match studies by PMID, DOI or NCT, and otherwise by author and year (a probable match). Only the non-Cochrane dental reviews have study lists, so overlap with Cochrane reviews is not counted yet.
| Review | Shared studies | Jaccard |
|---|---|---|
| A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Global Prevalence of Dry Mouth in Older Adults. (2026) | 1 | 0.01 |
| Association between oral frailty and physical frailty among older adults: a meta-analysis. (2026) | 1 | 0.01 |
Review question
| Element | Planned (methods) | Found (results) |
|---|---|---|
| Population | Community-dwelling older adults aged 60 years and above | Community-dwelling older adults; 59 studies, 185,355 participants, over 28,616 deaths; 53 studies (56 cohorts) in meta-analysis |
| Intervention | Frailty as a distinct predictor (exposure): any frailty definition, grouped as non-robust (frail, prefrail or equivalent) versus robust | Non-robust frailty status in physical (n=35), multidimensional (n=26), social (n=4), cognitive (n=2) and oral (n=1) domains; phenotype-based models (n=29) |
| Comparison | Robust older adults without signs of frailty | Robust older adults |
| Outcomes | All-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality (lifestyle-related versus non-lifestyle-related diseases); HR, RR or OR with 95% CI | All-cause mortality (56 cohorts) and cause-specific mortality (7 studies) |
| Study designs | Prospective cohort studies published in peer-reviewed English-language journals | 59 prospective cohort studies from multiple countries |
| Timing | Not specified | Follow-up 1 to 15 years |