What do systematic reviews say?

Digital adherence interventions vs usual care

• Digital interventions to improve adherence to maintenance medication in asthma 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  16 studies · 8885 participants
  Low

Psychological interventions vs usual care, no intervention, or treatment with no psychological component

• Psychological interventions for asthma in children and adolescents 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  8 studies · 822 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Educational interventions for health professionals managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary care 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  12 studies · 52899 participants
  Low

Medical or surgical intervention, or both, for gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease vs nil intervention, delayed intervention control, or placebo

• Pharmacological and surgical interventions for the treatment of gastro‐oesophageal reflux in adults and children with… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 239 participants
  Moderate

Macrolides vs placebo

• Macrolides versus placebo for chronic asthma 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 314 participants
  Low

Multi‐component intervention vs control

Multi‐component intervention may leads to higher adherence to pharmacotherapy: number of people achieving adherence… compared with control (low certainty).

• Interventions to improve adherence to pharmacological therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.37 [1.18, 1.59]
  4 studies · 446 participants
  Low

Shared decision‐making (all components) vs usual care

• Shared decision‐making for people with asthma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 371 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Lay‐led and peer support interventions for adolescents with asthma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 68 participants
  GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

The intervention may leads to higher reduced asthma medication usage (low certainty).

• Yoga for asthma 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 5.35 [1.29, 22.11]
  2 studies · 48 participants
  Low

CBT vs usual care

• Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for adults and adolescents with asthma 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 23 participants
  Low

LABA/ICS vs LTRA + ICS

• Addition to inhaled corticosteroids of long‐acting beta₂‐agonists versus anti‐leukotrienes for chronic asthma 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  7 studies · 4055 participants
  High

Bronchial thermoplasty vs active control

• Bronchial thermoplasty for moderate or severe persistent asthma in adults 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 429 participants
  Low

Comparison of water‐based exercise vs control

• Water‐based exercise for adults with asthma 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 31 participants
  Very low

Long‐acting beta2‐agonists vs placebo

Long‐acting beta2‐agonists showed no clear difference in severe/moderate exacerbations (hospitalisation or course of… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Long‐acting beta₂‐agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.88 [0.76, 1.02]
  7 studies · 3968 participants
  Moderate

Digital adherence interventions vs usual care

• Digital interventions to improve adherence to maintenance medication in asthma 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  15 studies · 1638 participants
  Moderate

Digital adherence interventions vs usual care

Digital adherence interventions may leads to lower asthma exacerbations ‐ Number of people with one or more exacerbations compared with usual care (low certainty).

• Digital interventions to improve adherence to maintenance medication in asthma 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.53 [0.32, 0.91]
  6 studies · 678 participants
  Low

Digital adherence interventions vs usual care

Digital adherence interventions showed no clear difference in unscheduled healthcare utilisation ‐ number of hospital or GP/ED… compared with usual care (low certainty).

• Digital interventions to improve adherence to maintenance medication in asthma 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.74 [0.51, 1.06]
  4 studies · 446 participants
  Low

Digital adherence interventions vs usual care

• Digital interventions to improve adherence to maintenance medication in asthma 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  7 studies · 1052 participants
  Moderate

Digital adherence interventions vs usual care

• Digital interventions to improve adherence to maintenance medication in asthma 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  10 studies · 848 participants
  Moderate

Corticosteroids vs placebo

• Anti‐inflammatory medications for obstructive sleep apnoea in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 75 participants
  Low