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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
535 questions in 56 reviews · Hypertension
current versionsNo studies 37 · 6.9%Ungraded 34 · 6.4%Very low 91 · 17%Low 161 · 30.1%Moderate 136 · 25.4%High 76 · 14.2%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Beta‐blockers vs renin‐angiotensin system inhibitors Total mortality Beta‐blockers for hypertension (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.1 [0.98, 1.24] | 3 studies · 10828 participants | Moderate |
Beta‐blockers vs renin‐angiotensin system inhibitors Total cardiovascular disease Beta‐blockers for hypertension (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.72, 1.38] | 3 studies · 10828 participants | Low |
Beta‐blockers vs renin‐angiotensin system inhibitors Total stroke Beta‐blockers for hypertension (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.3 [1.11, 1.53] | 2 studies · 9951 participants | Moderate |
Beta‐blockers vs renin‐angiotensin system inhibitors Total coronary heart disease Beta‐blockers for hypertension (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.76, 1.06] | 2 studies · 9951 participants | Low |
Beta‐blockers vs placebo Total cardiovascular disease Beta‐blockers for hypertension (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.79, 0.97] | 4 studies · 23613 participants | Low |
Beta‐blockers vs renin‐angiotensin system inhibitors Withdrawal due to adverse effect Beta‐blockers for hypertension (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.41 [1.29, 1.54] | 2 studies · 9951 participants | Moderate |
Beta‐blockers vs placebo Total stroke Beta‐blockers for hypertension (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.66, 0.96] | 4 studies · 23613 participants | Low |
Beta‐blockers vs placebo Total coronary heart disease Beta‐blockers for hypertension (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.81, 1.07] | 4 studies · 23613 participants | Moderate |
Beta‐blockers vs placebo Withdrawal due to adverse effect Beta‐blockers for hypertension (2017) · Cochrane | RR 3.38 [0.82, 13.95] | 3 studies · 22729 participants | Low |
Beta‐blockers vs diuretics Total mortality Beta‐blockers for hypertension (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.91, 1.19] | 5 studies · 18241 participants | Moderate |
Beta‐blockers vs diuretics Total cardiovascular disease Beta‐blockers for hypertension (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [0.99, 1.28] | 4 studies · 18135 participants | Moderate |
Beta‐blockers vs diuretics Total stroke Beta‐blockers for hypertension (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.17 [0.65, 2.09] | 4 studies · 18135 participants | Low |
Beta‐blockers vs diuretics Total coronary heart disease Beta‐blockers for hypertension (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.82, 1.54] | 4 studies · 18135 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Systolic BP ‐ Aliskiren 75 mg vs. placebo · primary hypertension Blood pressure lowering efficacy of renin inhibitors for primary hypertension (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 1100 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Systolic BP ‐ Aliskiren 150 mg vs. placebo · primary hypertension Blood pressure lowering efficacy of renin inhibitors for primary hypertension (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 12 studies · 3786 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Systolic BP ‐ Aliskiren 300 mg vs. placebo · primary hypertension Blood pressure lowering efficacy of renin inhibitors for primary hypertension (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 3009 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Systolic BP ‐ Aliskiren 600 mg vs. placebo · primary hypertension Blood pressure lowering efficacy of renin inhibitors for primary hypertension (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 393 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Diastolic BP ‐ Aliskiren 75 mg vs placebo · primary hypertension Blood pressure lowering efficacy of renin inhibitors for primary hypertension (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 1100 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Diastolic BP ‐ Aliskiren 150 mg vs placebo · primary hypertension Blood pressure lowering efficacy of renin inhibitors for primary hypertension (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 12 studies · 3783 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Diastolic BP ‐ Aliskiren 300 mg vs placebo · primary hypertension Blood pressure lowering efficacy of renin inhibitors for primary hypertension (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 3001 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Diastolic BP ‐ Aliskiren 600 mg vs placebo · primary hypertension Blood pressure lowering efficacy of renin inhibitors for primary hypertension (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 393 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Diarrhoea ‐ Aliskiren 600 mg vs placebo · primary hypertension Blood pressure lowering efficacy of renin inhibitors for primary hypertension (2017) · Cochrane | RR 7 [2.48, 19.72] | 2 studies · 592 participants | Low |
Antihypertensive drug therapy vs control All‐cause mortality · adults aged 18‐59 years with primary hypertension (mild to moderate systolic or diastolic hypertension) Pharmacotherapy for hypertension in adults aged 18 to 59 years (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.77, 1.13] | 5 studies · 16776 participants | Low |
Antihypertensive drug therapy vs control Total cardiovascular mortality + morbidity · adults aged 18‐59 years with primary hypertension (mild to moderate systolic or diastolic hypertension) Pharmacotherapy for hypertension in adults aged 18 to 59 years (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.67, 0.91] | 6 studies · 17278 participants | Low |
Antihypertensive drug therapy vs control Cerebrovascular mortality + morbidity · adults aged 18‐59 years with primary hypertension (mild to moderate systolic or diastolic hypertension) Pharmacotherapy for hypertension in adults aged 18 to 59 years (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.46 [0.34, 0.64] | 6 studies · 17278 participants | Low |
Antihypertensive drug therapy vs control Coronary heart disease mortality + morbidity · adults aged 18‐59 years with primary hypertension (mild to moderate systolic or diastolic hypertension) Pharmacotherapy for hypertension in adults aged 18 to 59 years (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.82, 1.19] | 4 studies · 16241 participants | Low |
Antihypertensive drug therapy vs control Withdrawal due to adverse events · adults aged 18‐59 years with primary hypertension (mild to moderate systolic or diastolic hypertension) Pharmacotherapy for hypertension in adults aged 18 to 59 years (2017) · Cochrane | RR 4.82 [1.67, 13.92] | 3 studies · 1223 participants | Very low |
Antihypertensive drug therapy vs control Decrease in SBP5 at end of 1 year · adults aged 18‐59 years with primary hypertension (mild to moderate systolic or diastolic hypertension) Pharmacotherapy for hypertension in adults aged 18 to 59 years (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 14845 participants | Very low |
Antihypertensive drug therapy vs control Decrease in DBP6 at end of 1 year · adults aged 18‐59 years with primary hypertension (mild to moderate systolic or diastolic hypertension) Pharmacotherapy for hypertension in adults aged 18 to 59 years (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 15857 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Systolic blood pressure clinical digital sphygmomanometer · adults with or without hypertension Effect of cocoa on blood pressure (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 35 studies · 1804 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Diastolic blood pressure clinical digital sphygmomanometer · adults with or without hypertension Effect of cocoa on blood pressure (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 34 studies · 1772 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Withdrawals due to adverse effects · adults with or without hypertension Effect of cocoa on blood pressure (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 31 studies · 1514 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Effect on systolic blood pressure (mean difference in systolic blood pressure) · adults with primary hypertension Eplerenone for hypertension (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 1437 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Effect on diastolic blood pressure (mean difference in diastolic blood pressure) · adults with primary hypertension Eplerenone for hypertension (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 1437 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Any adverse event · adults with primary hypertension Eplerenone for hypertension (2017) · Cochrane | OR 1.07 [0.82, 1.41] | 3 studies · 1105 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Adverse event leading to withdrawal · adults with primary hypertension Eplerenone for hypertension (2017) · Cochrane | OR 1.1 [0.47, 2.55] | 3 studies · 1105 participants | Low |
Higher BP target (< 150‐160/95‐105 mmHg) vs lower BP target (< 140/90 mmHg) All‐cause mortality · older adults with primary hypertension Blood pressure targets for hypertension in older adults (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.24 [0.99, 1.54] | 3 studies · 8221 participants | Low |
Higher BP target (< 150‐160/95‐105 mmHg) vs lower BP target (< 140/90 mmHg) Stroke · older adults with primary hypertension Blood pressure targets for hypertension in older adults (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.25 [0.94, 1.67] | 3 studies · 8221 participants | Low |
Higher BP target (< 150‐160/95‐105 mmHg) vs lower BP target (< 140/90 mmHg) Cardiovascular serious adverse events · older adults with primary hypertension Blood pressure targets for hypertension in older adults (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.19 [0.98, 1.45] | 3 studies · 8221 participants | Low |
Higher BP target (< 150‐160/95‐105 mmHg) vs lower BP target (< 140/90 mmHg) Withdrawals due to adverse effects · older adults with primary hypertension Blood pressure targets for hypertension in older adults (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.58, 1.19] | 2 studies · 7497 participants | Low |
Intervention NR End of treatment SBP (over 12 weeks) · patients with primary hypertension Blood pressure lowering efficacy of coenzyme Q10 for primary hypertension (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 50 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR End of treatment DBP (over 12 weeks) · patients with primary hypertension Blood pressure lowering efficacy of coenzyme Q10 for primary hypertension (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 50 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Withdrawals due to adverse effects · patients with primary hypertension Blood pressure lowering efficacy of coenzyme Q10 for primary hypertension (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Systolic blood pressure · People with primary hypertension Blood pressure lowering efficacy of beta‐1 selective beta blockers for primary hypertension (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 47 studies · 5246 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Diastolic blood pressure · People with primary hypertension Blood pressure lowering efficacy of beta‐1 selective beta blockers for primary hypertension (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 48 studies · 5316 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Heart rate · People with primary hypertension Blood pressure lowering efficacy of beta‐1 selective beta blockers for primary hypertension (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 33 studies · 3407 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Pulse pressure · People with primary hypertension Blood pressure lowering efficacy of beta‐1 selective beta blockers for primary hypertension (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 47 studies · 5246 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR WDAE · People with primary hypertension Blood pressure lowering efficacy of beta‐1 selective beta blockers for primary hypertension (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 2618 participants | Low |
Antihypertensive pharmacotherapy vs control Sudden cardiac death ( · people with hypertension (defined as baseline systolic resting blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg and/or resting diastolic… Antihypertensive pharmacotherapy for prevention of sudden cardiac death in hypertensive individuals (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.81, 1.15] | 15 studies · 39908 participants | Moderate |
Antihypertensive pharmacotherapy vs control Non‐fatal myocardial infarction ( · people with hypertension (defined as baseline systolic resting blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg and/or resting diastolic… Antihypertensive pharmacotherapy for prevention of sudden cardiac death in hypertensive individuals (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.74, 0.98] | 15 studies · 39908 participants | Moderate |