Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
535 questions in 56 reviews · Hypertension
current versionsNo studies 37 · 6.9%Ungraded 34 · 6.4%Very low 91 · 17%Low 161 · 30.1%Moderate 136 · 25.4%High 76 · 14.2%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Evening vs morning dosing regimen All‐cause mortality · adults with primary (essential) hypertension whose systolic or diastolic (or both) blood pressure levels were 130/80… Evening versus morning dosing regimen drug therapy for hypertension (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.49 [0.04, 5.42] | 1 study · 735 participants | Very low |
Evening vs morning dosing regimen Cardiovascular mortality (time points not specified) · adults with primary (essential) hypertension whose systolic or diastolic (or both) blood pressure levels were 130/80… Evening versus morning dosing regimen drug therapy for hypertension (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Evening vs morning dosing regimen Cardiovascular morbidity (stroke, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, aortic aneurysm) (time points not specified) · adults with primary (essential) hypertension whose systolic or diastolic (or both) blood pressure levels were 130/80… Evening versus morning dosing regimen drug therapy for hypertension (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Evening vs morning dosing regimen Serious adverse events · adults with primary (essential) hypertension whose systolic or diastolic (or both) blood pressure levels were 130/80… Evening versus morning dosing regimen drug therapy for hypertension (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.17 [0.53, 2.57] | 2 studies · 833 participants | Very low |
Evening vs morning dosing regimen Overall adverse events · adults with primary (essential) hypertension whose systolic or diastolic (or both) blood pressure levels were 130/80… Evening versus morning dosing regimen drug therapy for hypertension (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.67, 1.2] | 7 studies · 1541 participants | Very low |
Evening vs morning dosing regimen Withdrawals from treatment due to adverse events · adults with primary (essential) hypertension whose systolic or diastolic (or both) blood pressure levels were 130/80… Evening versus morning dosing regimen drug therapy for hypertension (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.76 [0.47, 1.23] | 7 studies · 1777 participants | Very low |
First‐line thiazides vs first‐line beta‐blockers Total mortality Duration: 1 to 5.8 years · adults with hypertension First‐line diuretics versus other classes of antihypertensive drugs for hypertension (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 18241 participants | Moderate |
First‐line thiazides vs first‐line calcium channel blockers Total cardiovascular events Duration: 1 to 5 years · adults with hypertension First‐line diuretics versus other classes of antihypertensive drugs for hypertension (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.89, 0.98] | 6 studies · 35217 participants | Moderate |
First‐line thiazides vs first‐line calcium channel blockers Total stroke Duration: 1 to 5 years · adults with hypertension First‐line diuretics versus other classes of antihypertensive drugs for hypertension (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.95, 1.18] | 6 studies · 35217 participants | Moderate |
First‐line thiazides vs first‐line calcium channel blockers Total CHD Duration: 1 to 5 years · adults with hypertension First‐line diuretics versus other classes of antihypertensive drugs for hypertension (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.93, 1.08] | 6 studies · 35217 participants | Moderate |
First‐line thiazides vs first‐line calcium channel blockers Total congestive heart failure Duration: 1 to 5 years · adults with hypertension First‐line diuretics versus other classes of antihypertensive drugs for hypertension (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.74 [0.66, 0.82] | 6 studies · 35217 participants | Moderate |
First‐line thiazides vs first‐line calcium channel blockers Withdrawals due to adverse effects Duration: 1 to 5 years · adults with hypertension First‐line diuretics versus other classes of antihypertensive drugs for hypertension (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.75, 0.88] | 7 studies · 33908 participants | Low |
First‐line thiazides vs first‐line ACE inhibitors Total mortality Duration: 1 to 5 years · adults with hypertension First‐line diuretics versus other classes of antihypertensive drugs for hypertension (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.95, 1.07] | 3 studies · 30961 participants | Moderate |
First‐line thiazides vs first‐line ACE inhibitors Total serious adverse events · adults with hypertension First‐line diuretics versus other classes of antihypertensive drugs for hypertension (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
First‐line thiazides vs first‐line ACE inhibitors Total cardiovascular events Duration: 2.6 to 5 years · adults with hypertension First‐line diuretics versus other classes of antihypertensive drugs for hypertension (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.92, 1.02] | 3 studies · 30900 participants | Low |
First‐line thiazides vs first‐line ACE inhibitors Total stroke Duration: 2.6 to 5 years · adults with hypertension First‐line diuretics versus other classes of antihypertensive drugs for hypertension (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.8, 0.99] | 3 studies · 30900 participants | Moderate |
First‐line thiazides vs first‐line ACE inhibitors Total CHD Duration: 2.6 to 5 years · adults with hypertension First‐line diuretics versus other classes of antihypertensive drugs for hypertension (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.96, 1.12] | 3 studies · 30900 participants | Moderate |
First‐line thiazides vs first‐line beta‐blockers Total serious adverse events · adults with hypertension First‐line diuretics versus other classes of antihypertensive drugs for hypertension (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
First‐line thiazides vs first‐line ACE inhibitors Total congestive heart failure Duration: 4 to 5 years · adults with hypertension First‐line diuretics versus other classes of antihypertensive drugs for hypertension (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.84, 1.04] | 2 studies · 30392 participants | Moderate |
First‐line thiazides vs first‐line ACE inhibitors Withdrawals due to adverse effects Duration: 1 to 5 years · adults with hypertension First‐line diuretics versus other classes of antihypertensive drugs for hypertension (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.64, 0.84] | 3 studies · 25254 participants | Moderate |
First‐line thiazides vs first‐line alpha‐blockers Total mortality Duration: 3.2 years · adults with hypertension First‐line diuretics versus other classes of antihypertensive drugs for hypertension (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.88, 1.09] | 1 study · 24316 participants | Moderate |
First‐line thiazides vs first‐line alpha‐blockers Total serious adverse events · adults with hypertension First‐line diuretics versus other classes of antihypertensive drugs for hypertension (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
First‐line thiazides vs first‐line alpha‐blockers Total cardiovascular events Duration: 3 to 3.2 years · adults with hypertension First‐line diuretics versus other classes of antihypertensive drugs for hypertension (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.74 [0.69, 0.8] | 2 studies · 24396 participants | Moderate |
First‐line thiazides vs first‐line alpha‐blockers Total stroke Duration: 3 to 3.2 years · adults with hypertension First‐line diuretics versus other classes of antihypertensive drugs for hypertension (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.73, 1.01] | 2 studies · 24396 participants | Moderate |
First‐line thiazides vs first‐line alpha‐blockers Total CHD Duration: 3 to 3.2 years · adults with hypertension First‐line diuretics versus other classes of antihypertensive drugs for hypertension (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.86, 1.11] | 2 studies · 24396 participants | Low |
First‐line thiazides vs first‐line alpha‐blockers Total congestive heart failure Duration: 3.2 years · adults with hypertension First‐line diuretics versus other classes of antihypertensive drugs for hypertension (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.51 [0.45, 0.58] | 1 study · 24316 participants | Moderate |
First‐line thiazides vs first‐line alpha‐blockers Withdrawals due to adverse effects Duration: 1 to 3.2 years · adults with hypertension First‐line diuretics versus other classes of antihypertensive drugs for hypertension (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.7 [0.54, 0.89] | 3 studies · 24772 participants | Low |
First‐line thiazides vs first‐line beta‐blockers Total cardiovascular events Duration: 1 to 5.8 years · adults with hypertension First‐line diuretics versus other classes of antihypertensive drugs for hypertension (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 18135 participants | Moderate |
First‐line thiazides vs first‐line beta‐blockers Total stroke Duration: 1 to 5.8 years · adults with hypertension First‐line diuretics versus other classes of antihypertensive drugs for hypertension (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 18135 participants | Low |
First‐line thiazides vs first‐line beta‐blockers Total CHD Duration: 1 to 5.8 years · adults with hypertension First‐line diuretics versus other classes of antihypertensive drugs for hypertension (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 18135 participants | Low |
First‐line thiazides vs first‐line beta‐blockers Total congestive heart failure Duration: 3.8 years · adults with hypertension First‐line diuretics versus other classes of antihypertensive drugs for hypertension (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 6569 participants | Low |
First‐line thiazides vs first‐line beta‐blockers Withdrawals due to adverse effects Duration: 1 to 5.8 years · adults with hypertension First‐line diuretics versus other classes of antihypertensive drugs for hypertension (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 18501 participants | Moderate |
First‐line thiazides vs first‐line calcium channel blockers Total mortality Duration: 1 to 5 years · adults with hypertension First‐line diuretics versus other classes of antihypertensive drugs for hypertension (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.96, 1.08] | 7 studies · 35417 participants | Moderate |
First‐line thiazides vs first‐line calcium channel blockers Total serious adverse events Duration: 1.75 to 3 years · adults with hypertension First‐line diuretics versus other classes of antihypertensive drugs for hypertension (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.97, 1.24] | 2 studies · 7204 participants | Low |
Intervention NR mg/day LDL cholesterol · participants with normal or abnormal lipid profiles Pravastatin for lowering lipids (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 765 participants | High |
Intervention NR mg/day LDL cholesterol · participants with normal or abnormal lipid profiles Pravastatin for lowering lipids (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 22 studies · 3117 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR mg/day LDL cholesterol · participants with normal or abnormal lipid profiles Pravastatin for lowering lipids (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 35 studies · 4869 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR mg/day LDL cholesterol · participants with normal or abnormal lipid profiles Pravastatin for lowering lipids (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 881 participants | High |
Intervention NR Pravastatin 10 to 80 mg/day (6 to 156 weeks) · participants with normal or abnormal lipid profiles Pravastatin for lowering lipids (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR WDAEs · participants with normal or abnormal lipid profiles Pravastatin for lowering lipids (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.63, 1.03] | 33 studies · 6187 participants | Very low |
Aspirin vs placebo Total mortality · adults with hypertension (patients with atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure, pre‐eclampsia or pulmonary… Antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants for hypertension (2022) · Cochrane | OR 0.97 [0.87, 1.08] | 3 studies · 35794 participants | Low |
Aspirin vs placebo Cardiovascular mortality · adults with hypertension (patients with atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure, pre‐eclampsia or pulmonary… Antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants for hypertension (2022) · Cochrane | OR 0.98 [0.82, 1.17] | 3 studies · 35794 participants | Low |
Aspirin vs placebo Non‐fatal cardiovascular events · adults with hypertension (patients with atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure, pre‐eclampsia or pulmonary… Antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants for hypertension (2022) · Cochrane | OR 0.63 [0.45, 0.87] | 1 study · 2540 participants | Low |
Aspirin vs placebo Major bleedinga · adults with hypertension (patients with atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure, pre‐eclampsia or pulmonary… Antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants for hypertension (2022) · Cochrane | OR 1.77 [1.34, 2.32] | 2 studies · 21330 participants | High |
Aspirin vs placebo All cardiovascular events · adults with hypertension (patients with atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure, pre‐eclampsia or pulmonary… Antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants for hypertension (2022) · Cochrane | OR 0.86 [0.77, 0.96] | 3 studies · 35794 participants | Low |
CCBs vs diuretic All‐cause mortality · patients with hypertension Calcium channel blockers versus other classes of drugs for hypertension (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.92, 1.04] | 5 studies · 35057 participants | Moderate |
CCBs vs β‐blocker Cardiovascular mortality · patients with hypertension Calcium channel blockers versus other classes of drugs for hypertension (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.81, 0.99] | 4 studies · 44825 participants | Low |
CCBs vs ACE inhibitor All‐cause mortality · patients with hypertension Calcium channel blockers versus other classes of drugs for hypertension (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.91, 1.03] | 7 studies · 27999 participants | Low |
CCBs vs ACE inhibitor Myocardial infarction · patients with hypertension Calcium channel blockers versus other classes of drugs for hypertension (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.97, 1.14] | 7 studies · 27999 participants | Low |
CCBs vs ACE inhibitor Stroke · patients with hypertension Calcium channel blockers versus other classes of drugs for hypertension (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.81, 0.99] | 7 studies · 27999 participants | Low |