What do systematic reviews say?

Resistance training vs no exercise or placebo exercise

• Exercise training for adults undergoing maintenance dialysis 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 99 participants
  Very low

Aerobic exercise and strength training vs no exercise or placebo exercise

• Exercise training for adults undergoing maintenance dialysis 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 214 participants
  Very low

Exercise vs no exercise or placebo exercise

• Exercise training for adults undergoing maintenance dialysis 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  11 studies · 490 participants
  Moderate

Albendazole vs placebo or no anthelmintics

It is very uncertain whether albendazole changes seizure recurrence ‐ participants with multiple (> 1) cysts compared with placebo or no anthelmintics (very low certainty).

• Anthelmintics for people with neurocysticercosis 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.05 [1.28, 3.31]
  2 studies · 321 participants
  Very low

Assisted hatching vs no assisted hatching

Assisted hatching may leads to higher multiple pregnancy rate per woman randomised compared with no assisted hatching (low certainty).

• Assisted hatching on assisted conception (in vitro fertilisation (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)) 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.38 [1.13, 1.68]
  18 studies · 4308 participants
  Low

Double intrauterine insemination (IUI) vs single IUI

Double intrauterine insemination (IUI) showed no clear difference in multiple pregnancy ratea compared with single IUI (low certainty).

• Double versus single intrauterine insemination (IUI) in stimulated cycles for subfertile couples 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 2.04 [0.91, 4.56]
  5 studies · 2203 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in case‐control ‐ multiple sclerosis (low certainty).

• Vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella in children 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.13 [0.62, 2.05]
  1 study · 206 participants
  Low

Gonadotropins with GnRH agonists vs gonadotropins alone

It is very uncertain whether gonadotropins with GnRH agonists changes multiple pregnancy rate per couple compared with gonadotropins alone (very low certainty).

• Agents for ovarian stimulation for intrauterine insemination (IUI) in ovulatory women with infertility 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 2.53 [0.82, 7.86]
  2 studies · 264 participants
  Very low

Gonadotropins with GnRH antagonist vs gonadotropins alone

Gonadotropins with GnRH antagonist showed no clear difference in multiple pregnancy rate per couple compared with gonadotropins alone (moderate certainty).

• Agents for ovarian stimulation for intrauterine insemination (IUI) in ovulatory women with infertility 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.3 [0.74, 2.28]
  10 studies · 2095 participants
  Moderate

Gonadotropins vs anti‐oestrogens

Gonadotropins showed no clear difference in multiple pregnancy rate per couple compared with anti‐oestrogens (low certainty).

• Agents for ovarian stimulation for intrauterine insemination (IUI) in ovulatory women with infertility 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.58 [0.6, 4.17]
  7 studies · 2139 participants
  Low

Gonadotrophins with anti‐oestrogens vs gonadotropins alone

Gonadotrophins with anti‐oestrogens showed no clear difference in multiple pregnancy rate per couple compared with gonadotropins alone (low certainty).

• Agents for ovarian stimulation for intrauterine insemination (IUI) in ovulatory women with infertility 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 3.03 [0.12, 75.06]
  1 study · 230 participants
  Low

Aromatase inhibitors vs gonadotropins alone

It is very uncertain whether aromatase inhibitors changes multiple pregnancy rate per couple compared with gonadotropins (very low certainty).

• Agents for ovarian stimulation for intrauterine insemination (IUI) in ovulatory women with infertility 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.69 [0.06, 8.17]
  3 studies · 731 participants
  Very low

Aromatase inhibitors with gonadotropins vs anti‐oestrogens with gonadotropins

Aromatase inhibitors with gonadotropins showed no clear difference in multiple pregnancy rate per couple compared with anti‐oestrogens with gonadotropins (low certainty).

• Agents for ovarian stimulation for intrauterine insemination (IUI) in ovulatory women with infertility 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.31 [0.39, 4.37]
  4 studies · 901 participants
  Low

Aromatase inhibitors vs anti‐oestrogens

Aromatase inhibitors showed no clear difference in multiple pregnancy rate per couple compared with anti‐oestrogens (low certainty).

• Agents for ovarian stimulation for intrauterine insemination (IUI) in ovulatory women with infertility 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.28 [0.61, 2.68]
  4 studies · 1000 participants
  Low

Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) + follicle aspiration + ovulation induction vs follicle aspiration + ovulation induction

It is very uncertain whether chinese herbal medicine (CHM) plus follicle aspiration plus… changes multiple pregnancy (adverse events) compared with follicle aspiration plus ovulation induction (very low certainty).

• Chinese herbal medicine for subfertile women with polycystic ovarian syndrome 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  Peto OR 0.6 [0.06, 6.14]
  1 study · 44 participants
  Very low

Dopamine agonist plus co‐intervention vs co‐intervention

It is very uncertain whether dopamine agonist plus co‐intervention changes multiple pregnancy rate compared with co‐intervention (very low certainty).

• Dopamine agonists for preventing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 2.02 [0.18, 22.77]
  1 study · 166 participants
  Very low

Dopamine agonist vs other active intervention

Dopamine agonist showed no clear difference in multiple pregnancy rate compared with other active intervention (low certainty).

• Dopamine agonists for preventing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.87 [0.47, 1.59]
  3 studies · 400 participants
  Low

Dopamine agonist vs placebo or no intervention

It is very uncertain whether dopamine agonist changes multiple pregnancy rate compared with placebo/no intervention (very low certainty).

• Dopamine agonists for preventing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.32 [0.01, 8.26]
  1 study · 40 participants
  Very low

Fresh vs frozen embryo transfers

• Fresh versus frozen embryo transfers in assisted reproduction 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 804 participants
  Low

Fresh vs frozen embryo transfers

It is very uncertain whether fresh changes multiple pregnancy rate: cumulatively compared with frozen embryo transfer (cumulatively) (very low certainty).

• Fresh versus frozen embryo transfers in assisted reproduction 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.88 [0.61, 1.25]
  2 studies · 986 participants
  Very low