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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
5,762 questions in 263 reviews · Dental caries
current versionsNo studies 321 · 5.6%Ungraded 4,450 · 77.2%Very low 455 · 7.9%Low 297 · 5.2%Moderate 200 · 3.5%High 39 · 0.7%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Marginal integrity success rate · Study design: Randomized controlled trial Success rate of proximal tooth-coloured direct restorations in primary teeth at 24 months: a meta-analysis. (2020) | Proportion 0.907 [0.838, 0.948] | 13 studies | Ungraded |
Tooth-coloured direct restorative materials (composite, compomer, giomer, RMGIC, HVGIC, open-sandwich) vs No comparator group (single-arm pooled success rate; materials/techniques contrasted via moderator analyses) Absence of recurrent caries success rate · Children with primary molars requiring proximal (Class II) restorations · 24 months Success rate of proximal tooth-coloured direct restorations in primary teeth at 24 months: a meta-analysis. (2020) | Proportion 0.909 [0.865, 0.939] | 30 studies | Ungraded |
Tooth-coloured direct restorative materials (composite, compomer, giomer, RMGIC, HVGIC, open-sandwich) vs No comparator group (single-arm pooled success rate; materials/techniques contrasted via moderator analyses) Retention success rate · Children with primary molars requiring proximal (Class II) restorations · 24 months, Financial source: Private or mixed Success rate of proximal tooth-coloured direct restorations in primary teeth at 24 months: a meta-analysis. (2020) | Proportion 0.807 [0.482, 0.949] | 5 studies | Ungraded |
Illicit drug use vs People who do not use drugs Periodontal disease · People who use drugs (PWUD): methamphetamine, heroin, opiate, cannabis and cocaine users Dental caries and periodontal disease among people who use drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2020) | OR 1.44 [0.80, 2.60] | 5 studies | Ungraded |
Laser fluorescence (DIAGNOdent and DIAGNOdent pen) vs Reference standard: histology (in vitro studies) or visual-tactile examination (in vivo studies) Sensitivity · Adults presenting asymptomatically or suspected of having root caries (in vivo studies); extracted teeth of adults (in… Tests to detect and inform the diagnosis of root caries (2020) · Cochrane | 4 studies (4997 root surfaces) investigated laser fluorescence and reported estimates of sensitivity ranging from 0.50 to 0.81 and specificity ranging from 0.40 to 0.80. 2 studies evaluated tests on in vivo primary… | 4 studies | Very low |
Resin-based fissure sealant (visible-light-polymerized) vs Fluoride varnish Incidence of dentinal carious lesion on treated occlusal surfaces of molars or premolars (yes/no) · Children and adolescents from the general population, younger than 20 years of age at the start of the study · 4 years Pit and fissure sealants versus fluoride varnishes for preventing dental decay in the permanent teeth of… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.42 [0.21, 0.84] | 1 study · 75 participants | Very low |
TT genotype of AMELX rs2106416 vs CC + CT genotype of AMELX rs2106416 Dental caries susceptibility · Individuals assessed for dental caries (cases with caries/high caries vs. caries-free or low/very-low-caries controls) · Age group: Children Association of LTF, ENAM, and AMELX polymorphisms with dental caries susceptibility: a meta-analysis. (2020) | OR 1.67 [0.44, 6.34] | 3 studies | Ungraded |
All fluorescence-based devices (red, blue, and green fluorescence combined) vs Reference standard: histology, enhanced visual examination with or without radiographs, or excavation Diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) by subgroup: Proximal surfaces (detection of early enamel caries, D1 threshold) · Children or adults presenting asymptomatically or suspected of having enamel caries (in vivo/clinical studies);… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies), Proximal surfaces Fluorescence devices for the detection of dental caries (2020) · Cochrane | DOR 13.06 [7.52, 22.67] | NR | Ungraded |
GG genotype of LTF rs1126478 vs AA genotype of LTF rs1126478 Dental caries susceptibility · Individuals assessed for dental caries (cases with caries/high caries vs. caries-free or low/very-low-caries controls) · Ethnicity: Caucasian Association of LTF, ENAM, and AMELX polymorphisms with dental caries susceptibility: a meta-analysis. (2020) | OR 1.49 [0.58, 3.85] | 2 studies | Ungraded |
CT genotype of AMELX rs6639060 vs CC genotype of AMELX rs6639060 Dental caries susceptibility · Individuals assessed for dental caries (cases with caries/high caries vs. caries-free or low/very-low-caries controls) · Overall Association of LTF, ENAM, and AMELX polymorphisms with dental caries susceptibility: a meta-analysis. (2020) | OR 1.27 [0.49, 3.30] | 2 studies · 301 participants | Ungraded |
AMELX rs2106416 CT + TT genotype vs CC genotype Dental caries susceptibility · Individuals with caries/high caries and caries-free or low-caries controls · Overall (n=3) Association of LTF, ENAM, and AMELX polymorphisms with dental caries susceptibility: a meta-analysis. (2020) | OR 0.59 [0.15, 2.31] | 3 studies · 285 participants | Ungraded |
Vegetarian diet (any diet excluding all meat, poultry and fish) vs Nonvegetarian diet Dental caries (mean DMFT score) · General population (children and adults) assessed for dental hard-tissue health Vegetarian diet and its possible influence on dental health: A systematic literature review. (2020) | MD -0.15 [-0.29, -0.02] | 4 studies | Ungraded |
GG genotype of ENAM rs1264848 vs AA + AG genotype of ENAM rs1264848 Dental caries susceptibility · Individuals assessed for dental caries (cases with caries/high caries vs. caries-free or low/very-low-caries controls) · Age group: Children Association of LTF, ENAM, and AMELX polymorphisms with dental caries susceptibility: a meta-analysis. (2020) | OR 0.66 [0.37, 1.17] | 4 studies | Ungraded |
CT + TT genotype (T-allele carriers) of AMELX rs17878486 vs CC genotype of AMELX rs17878486 Dental caries susceptibility · Individuals assessed for dental caries (cases with caries/high caries vs. caries-free or low/very-low-caries controls) · Ethnicity: Caucasian Association of LTF, ENAM, and AMELX polymorphisms with dental caries susceptibility: a meta-analysis. (2020) | OR 2.03 [0.10, 42.44] | 2 studies | Ungraded |
TT genotype of AMELX rs2106416 vs CC + CT genotype of AMELX rs2106416 Dental caries susceptibility · Individuals assessed for dental caries (cases with caries/high caries vs. caries-free or low/very-low-caries controls) · Overall Association of LTF, ENAM, and AMELX polymorphisms with dental caries susceptibility: a meta-analysis. (2020) | OR 1.67 [0.44, 6.34] | 3 studies · 285 participants | Ungraded |
TT genotype of ENAM rs3796703 vs CC + CT genotype of ENAM rs3796703 Dental caries susceptibility · Individuals assessed for dental caries (cases with caries/high caries vs. caries-free or low/very-low-caries controls) · Age group: Children Association of LTF, ENAM, and AMELX polymorphisms with dental caries susceptibility: a meta-analysis. (2020) | OR 2.90 [0.92, 9.12] | 2 studies | Ungraded |
G allele of ENAM rs3796704 vs A allele of ENAM rs3796704 Dental caries susceptibility · Individuals assessed for dental caries (cases with caries/high caries vs. caries-free or low/very-low-caries controls) · Age group: Children Association of LTF, ENAM, and AMELX polymorphisms with dental caries susceptibility: a meta-analysis. (2020) | OR 1.46 [0.92, 2.32] | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Tooth-coloured direct restorative materials (composite, compomer, giomer, RMGIC, HVGIC, open-sandwich) vs No comparator group (single-arm pooled success rate; materials/techniques contrasted via moderator analyses) Retention success rate · Children with primary molars requiring proximal (Class II) restorations · 24 months, Financial source: Public Success rate of proximal tooth-coloured direct restorations in primary teeth at 24 months: a meta-analysis. (2020) | Proportion 0.909 [0.785, 0.965] | 12 studies | Ungraded |
GG genotype of ENAM rs1264848 vs AA + AG genotype of ENAM rs1264848 Dental caries susceptibility · Individuals assessed for dental caries (cases with caries/high caries vs. caries-free or low/very-low-caries controls) · Ethnicity: Caucasian Association of LTF, ENAM, and AMELX polymorphisms with dental caries susceptibility: a meta-analysis. (2020) | OR 0.76 [0.34, 1.72] | 4 studies | Ungraded |
AG + GG genotype (G-allele carriers) of ENAM rs1264848 vs AA genotype of ENAM rs1264848 Dental caries susceptibility · Individuals assessed for dental caries (cases with caries/high caries vs. caries-free or low/very-low-caries controls) · Overall Association of LTF, ENAM, and AMELX polymorphisms with dental caries susceptibility: a meta-analysis. (2020) | OR 1.24 [0.93, 1.67] | 5 studies · 1534 participants | Ungraded |
All fluorescence-based devices (red, blue, and green fluorescence combined) vs Reference standard: histology, enhanced visual examination with or without radiographs, or excavation Diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) by subgroup: Occlusal surfaces (detection of early enamel caries, D1 threshold) · Children or adults presenting asymptomatically or suspected of having enamel caries (in vivo/clinical studies);… · Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies), Occlusal surfaces Fluorescence devices for the detection of dental caries (2020) · Cochrane | DOR 14.29 [10.92, 18.72] | NR | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Dental caries in permanent teeth · Children (permanent dentition) worldwide · America Dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children's worldwide, 1995 to 2019: a systematic review and… (2020) | Prevalence 0.489 [0.376, 0.603] | 7 studies · 5009 participants | Ungraded |
Resin-based fissure sealant vs Fluoride varnish Dentine caries in permanent molars (yes/no) · Children and adolescents from the general population, younger than 20 years of age at the start of the study · 2-3 years Pit and fissure sealants versus fluoride varnishes for preventing dental decay in the permanent teeth of… (2020) · Cochrane | OR 0.67 [0.37, 1.19] | 4 studies · 1683 participants | Very low |
AG genotype of ENAM rs1264848 vs AA genotype of ENAM rs1264848 Dental caries susceptibility · Individuals assessed for dental caries (cases with caries/high caries vs. caries-free or low/very-low-caries controls) · Age group: Children Association of LTF, ENAM, and AMELX polymorphisms with dental caries susceptibility: a meta-analysis. (2020) | OR 1.30 [0.84, 2.01] | 4 studies | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Absence of recurrent caries success rate · Random assignment: Correct Success rate of proximal tooth-coloured direct restorations in primary teeth at 24 months: a meta-analysis. (2020) | Proportion 0.914 [0.849, 0.953] | 15 studies | Ungraded |
LTF rs1126478 AG genotype vs AA genotype Dental caries susceptibility · Individuals with caries/high caries and caries-free or low-caries controls · Overall (n=4) Association of LTF, ENAM, and AMELX polymorphisms with dental caries susceptibility: a meta-analysis. (2020) | OR 1.00 [0.80, 1.25] | 4 studies · 2662 participants | Ungraded |
LTF rs2073495 variant vs Reference allele/genotype Dental caries · Human subjects with dental caries and caries-free controls · Single study (Doetzer et al. 2015) The association between genetic variants in lactotransferrin and dental caries: a meta- and gene-based… (2020) | OR 0.99 [0.86, 1.15] | 1 study · 677 participants | Ungraded |
G allele of ENAM rs1264848 vs A allele of ENAM rs1264848 Dental caries susceptibility · Individuals assessed for dental caries (cases with caries/high caries vs. caries-free or low/very-low-caries controls) · Ethnicity: Mixed Association of LTF, ENAM, and AMELX polymorphisms with dental caries susceptibility: a meta-analysis. (2020) | OR 1.23 [0.79, 1.91] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Dental caries in permanent teeth · Children (permanent dentition) worldwide · Asia Dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children's worldwide, 1995 to 2019: a systematic review and… (2020) | Prevalence 0.588 [0.534, 0.64] | 50 studies · 1334133 participants | Ungraded |
CT + TT genotype (T-allele carriers) of AMELX rs946252 vs CC genotype of AMELX rs946252 Dental caries susceptibility · Individuals assessed for dental caries (cases with caries/high caries vs. caries-free or low/very-low-caries controls) · Control group: Low caries Association of LTF, ENAM, and AMELX polymorphisms with dental caries susceptibility: a meta-analysis. (2020) | OR 0.98 [0.46, 2.07] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Pulpotomy vs Pulpectomy Tooth survival · Children with carious vital pulp exposure in primary incisors · 18-24 months Pulpotomy versus pulpectomy in the treatment of vital pulp exposure in primary incisors. A systematic review… (2019) | Survival rate 0.94 (95% CI 0.89 to 0.97) for pulpotomy and 0.97 for pulpectomy at 18 months (Nguyen et al.); 63% for pulpotomy and 85% for pulpectomy at 2 years (Casas et al.). Not pooled. | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Longitudinal follow-up over time (natural caries progression; no assigned intervention) vs Within-cohort change from baseline to follow-up (>=3 y) Annual decline in percentage of caries-free participants (permanent dentition, D3) · Children and adolescents (permanent dentition, D3, up to 21 y), Western or comparable populations · Annual (studies with >=3 y follow-up), Baseline caries experience: low Caries Progression Rates Revisited: A Systematic Review. (2019) | 4.3% to 10.2% | 9 studies · 4811 participants | Ungraded |
Rubber/elastomeric cleaning stick plus toothbrushing vs Toothbrushing alone Gingivitis (proportion of bleeding sites) · Adults, 16 years and older (dentate) · 1 month Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling… (2019) · Cochrane | MD -0.07 [-0.15, 0.01] | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Residence in heavily contaminated area (approx. 15-40 Ci/km2) vs Residence in non-contaminated (non-exposed) area (<1 Ci/km2) Dental caries experience (DMFT/dmft index) · Children aged 12-15 years (adolescents) · heavy contamination A systematic review of the caries prevalence among children living in Chernobyl fallout countries. (2019) | WMD 1.06 [0.92, 1.20] | 1 study · 143 participants | Ungraded |
Sealant vs No treatment Arrest or reversal of noncavitated approximal carious lesions · Children and adults with noncavitated carious lesions on approximal surfaces (primary and permanent teeth) · 12-36 mo Nonrestorative Treatments for Caries: Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. (2019) | RR 2.41 [1.26, 4.58] | 6 studies · 565 participants | Low |
440 to 550 ppm F toothpaste vs Non-fluoride (0 ppm F) placebo toothpaste Caries increment, tooth index D(M)FT · Children and adolescents with immature permanent dentition (aged 5 to 16 years at study start) · Closest to 36 months Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries (2019) · Cochrane | SMD -0.18 [-0.41, 0.04] | 2 studies | Low |
Colour clinical examination (visual shade categorization: yellow, light brown, dark brown, black) vs Hardness clinical examination (tactile texture categorization: soft, medium/leathery, hard) Discriminant power for caries severity: effect size (f) for microbial load (log10 CFU) between lesion categories · Patients with dentine carious lesions (deciduous/permanent teeth; children and adults) Reliability of colour and hardness clinical examinations in detecting dentine caries severity: a systematic… (2019) | Effect size (f) colour f=0.46; hardness f=2.62 | 5 studies | Ungraded |
1000 to 1250 ppm F toothpaste vs 250 ppm F toothpaste Caries increment, surface index D(M)FS · Children and adolescents with immature permanent dentition (aged 5 to 16 years at study start) · Closest to 36 months Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries (2019) · Cochrane | SMD -0.14 [-0.24, -0.04] | 7 studies | Low |
Residence in weakly contaminated area (approx. 1-5 Ci/km2) vs Residence in non-contaminated (non-exposed) area (<1 Ci/km2) Dental caries experience (DMFT/dmft index) · Children aged 5-7 years (early school-age) · weak contamination A systematic review of the caries prevalence among children living in Chernobyl fallout countries. (2019) | WMD 0.45 [0.32, 0.58] | 1 study · 117 participants | Ungraded |
1450 ppm F toothpaste vs 250 ppm F toothpaste Caries increment, tooth index d(m)ft · Young children with primary (deciduous) dentition (aged 1 to 6 years at study start) · Follow-up: 22 months Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries (2019) · Cochrane | MD -0.4 [-1.14, 0.34] | 1 study · 172 participants | Low |
Rubber/elastomeric cleaning stick plus toothbrushing vs Flossing plus toothbrushing Plaque · Adults, 16 years and older (dentate) · 4 to 6 weeks Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling… (2019) · Cochrane | SMD -0.08 [-0.46, 0.29] | 6 studies · 273 participants | Very low |
Longer follow-up vs Shorter follow-up Annual increment in DMFS (D3) · Children and adolescents with permanent dentition · Per additional year of follow-up, Not adjusted Caries Progression Rates Revisited: A Systematic Review. (2019) | Meta-regression beta per year of follow-up 0.43 [0.04, 0.83] | 22 studies · 11300 participants | Ungraded |
Flossing plus toothbrushing vs Toothbrushing alone Interproximal caries · Adults, 16 years and older (dentate) Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling… (2019) · Cochrane | No included study assessed caries as an outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
1000 to 1250 ppm F toothpaste vs 440 to 550 ppm F toothpaste Caries increment, tooth index D(M)FT · Children and adolescents with immature permanent dentition (aged 5 to 16 years at study start) · Closest to 36 months Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries (2019) · Cochrane | SMD -0.08 [-0.3, 0.15] | 1 study | Low |
38% SDF solution (applied biannually) vs 12% SDF solution (applied biannually) Arrest of advanced cavitated carious lesions on any coronal surface · Preschool children with advanced cavitated carious lesions on any coronal surface (primary teeth) · 12 mo Nonrestorative Treatments for Caries: Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. (2019) | RR 1.3 [1.21, 1.41] | 1 study · 799 participants | High |
Dental cavity liner (e.g. calcium hydroxide, glass ionomer, resin-modified glass ionomer, or flowable composite) placed under the restoration vs No liner (resin-based composite bonded directly to the tooth) Postoperative hypersensitivity (POH), patient-reported (dichotomous yes/no) · Adults or children with a Class I or Class II resin-based composite restoration in a permanent posterior tooth · 1 week Dental cavity liners for Class I and Class II resin‐based composite restorations (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.56 [0.26, 1.17] | 3 studies | Low |
1450 ppm F toothpaste vs 250 ppm F toothpaste Caries increment, surface index d(m)fs · Young children with primary (deciduous) dentition (aged 1 to 6 years at study start) · Follow-up: 22 months Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries (2019) · Cochrane | MD -1.2 [-2.92, 0.52] | 1 study · 172 participants | Low |
1000 or 1100 ppm F toothpaste vs Non-fluoride (0 ppm F) placebo toothpaste Caries increment, tooth index DMFT · Adults with mature permanent dentition (aged 18 to 93 years at study start) · 24 months Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries (2019) · Cochrane | MD -0.46 [-0.93, 0.01] | 1 study · 247 participants | Low |
12,500 ppm F (NaF/olaflur/dectaflur) amine fluoride gel vs 0 ppm F placebo gel Number of participants with more severe DLs (severity of DLs) · Orthodontic patients of any age with fixed braces (new DLs assessed at debond) · At debond (end of orthodontic treatment) Fluorides for preventing early tooth decay (demineralised lesions) during fixed brace treatment (2019) · Cochrane | Additional SoF Table 1. Number of participants with more severe DLs: none of the trials reported this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
Wooden cleaning stick plus toothbrushing vs Flossing plus toothbrushing Periodontitis (probing pocket depth) · Adults, 16 years and older (dentate) Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling… (2019) · Cochrane | No included study assessed periodontitis. | 0 studies | No studies |