Dental caries · Children with deciduous dentition (<6 years)
In children with deciduous dentition, vitamin D deficiency was associated with a 68% higher caries risk (RR 1.68; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
RR 1.68 [1.57, 1.79]
6 studies
GRADE not reported
Tooth discoloration · Patients with carious pulp exposure in permanent teeth undergoing DPC or pulpotomy
More tooth discoloration was observed with MTA than with Biodentine, but odds ratios were implausibly large and not pooled (3 RCTs; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Gingival inflammation-related index · Orthodontic patients (any age) undergoing orthodontic treatment (mostly fixed appliances)
Short-term fluoride mouthwash has uncertain effects on gingival inflammation-related indexes versus blank control (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Remineralization / reduction in lesion severity (change in QLF, laser fluorescence, or lesion area) · Patients with white spot lesions / early caries lesions (WSLs/ECLs), including orthodontic and non-orthodontic lesions, active caries…
Resin infiltration was significantly better than CPP-ACP (SMD -0.77, 95% CI -1.31 to -0.23); certainty of evidence not assessed (no GRADE).
1 finding from 1 review
Oral health-related quality of life · Indian adults and elderly (general, police, teachers, institutionalised)
Evidence on periodontal disease (CPI) and OHRQoL is inconsistent across studies (very low certainty).
3 findings from 1 review
Periodontal disease (CPI) vs none: studies show inconsistency; two studies showed poor QoL (Nagarajappa 2015, Saxena 2018), one no significant association (Shivakumar 2018); 1345 participants, 3 observational studies;…
3 studies · 1345 participants
Very low
SMD -0.18 [-0.53, 0.18]
4 studies · 3064 participants
Very low
Periodontal disease (CPI) and QoL (continuous, GOHAI): CPI scores negatively correlated with QoL in one study (Rekhi 2016); no significant relation in another (Marya 2020, P>0.05). Not pooled.
2 studies
GRADE not reported
Oral health-related quality of life · Indians
Continuous analyses (GOHAI, OHIP-14) of gingivitis and OHRQoL were inconsistent and mostly non-significant; ungraded.
2 findings from 1 review
Gingivitis and QoL (continuous): GOHAI - one study found poorer QoL (Appukuttan 2016, P<0.05), one no significant association (Marya 2020, P=0.08); OHIP-14 - no impact (Sreela 2020, P=0.0762). Not pooled.
3 studies
GRADE not reported
Gingivitis vs no gingivitis: studies show inconsistency; one study showed poor QoL (Shivakumar 2018, OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.67), two studies no significant association (Baiju 2019, Singh 2020); 943 participants, 3…
3 studies · 943 participants
Very low
Plaque · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies)
Long-term fluoride mouthwash showed mixed plaque-index effects, with very low-certainty evidence.
2 findings from 1 review
PI was similar to blank control [37]; API was slightly reduced compared to blank control and significant at 6 and 9 months [59].
2 studies
Very low
TI was significantly reduced compared to baseline [34]; PI was significantly reduced compared to baseline but similar to blank control [46].
2 studies
Very low
Overall success (composite of clinical and radiographic success) · Patients with carious pulp exposure in immature permanent teeth
The effect of MTA versus CH in immature teeth is very uncertain (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Periapical pathosis · Vital teeth restored with indirect restorations
Periapical pathosis incidence among follow-up >5-10 years was 3.88% (subgroup analysis; not GRADE-rated).
6 findings from 1 review
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Remineralization / reduction in lesion severity (change in QLF, laser fluorescence, or lesion area) · Patients with white spot lesions / early caries lesions (WSLs/ECLs), including orthodontic and non-orthodontic lesions, active caries…
Resin infiltration significantly improved remineralization versus control (SMD -0.94, 95% CI -1.46 to -0.43), ranking second of seven therapies by SUCRA (88.7%); certainty of evidence not assessed (no GRADE).
1 finding from 1 review
Oral health-related quality of life · Indian children aged 3-5 years
In children aged 3-5 years, early childhood caries was significantly associated with poorer OHRQoL (narrative; 3 studies); ungraded.
1 finding from 1 review
Remineralization / reduction in lesion severity (change in QLF, laser fluorescence, or lesion area) · Patients with white spot lesions / early caries lesions (WSLs/ECLs), including orthodontic and non-orthodontic lesions, active caries…
Fluoride varnish did not differ significantly from CPP-ACP (SMD -0.07, 95% CI -0.44 to 0.29); certainty of evidence not assessed (no GRADE).
1 finding from 1 review
CA VI concentration · Individuals assessed for dental caries (mainly children aged 2-9 years; one study in adults aged 18-24 years)
Salivary CA VI concentration is significantly lower in individuals with dental caries than in caries-free individuals (SMD -0.672, 95% CI -1.011 to -0.332; not GRADE-rated).
1 finding from 1 review
Cariogenic bacteria (Lactobacilli colony count) · Orthodontic patients (any age) undergoing orthodontic treatment (mostly fixed appliances)
Long-term (>=12 months) fluoride mouthwash may make little or no difference to Lactobacilli colony counts versus blank control (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Oral mucosal moisture · Elderly (>60 years) and medically compromised adults with xerostomia / dry mouth
One small study found that chewing hard (but not soft) gum increased oral mucosal moisture.
1 finding from 1 review
CA VI activity · Individuals assessed for dental caries (cases with caries/high caries vs. caries-free or low/very-low-caries controls)
CA VI activity was higher in participants with caries (SMD 0.87, 95% CI 0.39 to 1.36; 7 studies, 411 participants); GRADE was not reported.
1 finding from 1 review
Oral health-related quality of life · Indian elderly and general-population adults
Prosthetic need was significantly associated with poorer OHRQoL in both included studies (moderate certainty).
3 findings from 1 review
Prosthetic need vs none: both included studies showed a significant association with poor QoL (Nagarajappa 2015, Shivakumar 2018); 950 participants, 2 observational studies; Moderate certainty (Fig 1 GRADE SoF). No…
2 studies · 950 participants
Moderate
Prosthetic need and QoL (continuous, OHIP-14): prosthetic need was significantly related to various components of OHRQoL (Joseph 2016). Single study, not pooled.
1 study
GRADE not reported
Prosthetic need and QoL (continuous, GOHAI): of three studies, one found no significant difference (Shetty 2013) and two proved the association (Pillai 2015, Rekhi 2018). Not pooled.
3 studies
GRADE not reported
Severity of white spot lesions (surface area and depth) · Orthodontic patients undergoing comprehensive treatment (late mixed or permanent dentition, no active caries)
White spot lesion severity was assessed narratively in a small number of studies and not meta-analyzed; evidence is limited (ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Secondary caries · Patients requiring dental restoration; permanent teeth
Over 2 or more years in permanent teeth, secondary caries did not differ significantly between fluoride-containing amalgam and GIC (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.45-2.00; low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Poor oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) · Indians
Prosthetic need is associated with poor OHRQoL (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review