Non-Cochrane · intervention · PM37024817
The efficacy of mouthwashes on oral microorganisms and gingivitis in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Ren Xiaolin, Zhang Yuhan, Xiang Yong, et al. · BMC oral health · 2023 · PubMed · doi:10.1186/s12903-023-02920-4
Full textEvery question was extracted from the full text, figures and supplements by two independent LLM extractors, disagreements adjudicated. Rows cite where in the review the value comes from.
Questions
23
current version
GRADE rated
23
No studies
0
Included studies
47
linked below
No studies 0 · 0%Ungraded 0 · 0%Very low 19 · 82.6%Low 3 · 13%Moderate 1 · 4.3%High 0 · 0%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
Review question
| Element | Planned (methods) | Found (results) |
|---|---|---|
| Population | Orthodontic patients of any age | Orthodontic patients (32 studies; 2007 participants; sample sizes 25-270; mostly fixed appliances; mainly young adults/adolescents, 8 studies in children <12y; 2 studies removable/functional appliances) |
| Intervention | Mouthwash(es) used as adjuncts to mechanical cleaning procedures (daily) | Multiple mouthwash types: chlorhexidine (CHX), herbal/plant-extract (essential oils, Persica, propolis, Azadirachta indica, chamomile, Aloe vera), fluoride (NaF/amine fluoride), cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), probiotic, chlorine dioxide, chitosan |
| Comparison | Placebo(s) or blank control(s) (before-after comparisons) | Placebos or blank controls (before-after comparisons) |
| Outcomes | Efficacy on oral microorganisms (>=1 microbial parameter) and/or gingivitis (plaque- and/or gingival inflammation-related index) | Microbial colony counts (Mutans streptococci, Lactobacilli, total bacteria, red-complex bacteria, C. albicans) and gingivitis indexes (Gingival Index, pocket probing depth, plaque indexes, bleeding indexes); 9 studies meta-analyzed for Gingival Index and Plaque Index |
| Study designs | Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) | RCTs (32 included in review; 9 in meta-analysis) |
| Timing | Not specified (outcomes collected at each study's follow-up endpoint) | Most short-term (4 days to 3 months); fluoride mouthwashes longer (6 months, 1 year, or whole orthodontic treatment) |
Search date: 16 April 2022 (databases and grey literature searched by 16 April 2022; no publication-year limit). Databases: PubMed; EMBASE; Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); ClinicalTrials.gov; International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP); Conference Proceedings Citation Index-Science (CPCI-S, via Web of Science); ProQuest Dissertations and Theses (PQDT); GreyNet
Questions and results
Chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash (adjunct to mechanical cleaning) vs Placebo mouthwash
Population: Orthodontic patients (any age) undergoing orthodontic treatment (mostly fixed appliances)
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Pocket probing depth (PD) <=3 months (short-term) Chlorhexidine mouthwash may reduce pocket probing depth versus placebo in the short term (low certainty). Source: Table 2 (CHXMW, PD vs placebos, 2 RCT <=3mo); Results 'The efficacy of mouthwashes on gingivitis' · same question in other reviews | PD was significantly reduced except mid-lingual site compared to placebo [32]. The changes of PD were significantly higher compared to placebo [56]. | 2 studies | Low Downgraded: imprecision |
Cariogenic bacteria (Mutans streptococci) ≤ 3 months Population: Orthodontic patients Chlorhexidine mouthwash reduced Mutans streptococci versus placebo, but certainty is very low. Source: Table 2 · same question in other reviews | Colony count of MS was significantly reduced compared to placebos according to three studies [34; 48; 52]; colony count of MS was slightly reduced compared to placebo in a short time in one study [40]. | 4 studies | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision, inconsistency |
Plaque Index ≤ 3 months Population: Orthodontic patients Chlorhexidine mouthwash reduced Plaque Index versus placebo, but certainty is very low. Source: Table 2 · same question in other reviews | Plaque Index was significantly reduced compared to placebos according to two studies [20; 32]. | 2 studies | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision |
Gingival Index (GI, Loe & Silness 1963) <=3 months (short-term) Chlorhexidine mouthwash probably reduces the Gingival Index versus placebo in the short term (WMD -0.45, 95% CI -0.70 to -0.20; low certainty). Source: Fig. 4 (forest plot); Table 2 (CHXMW, GI vs placebos, 3 RCT <=3mo); Results 'Meta-analysis results' · same question in other reviews | WMD -0.45 [-0.70, -0.20] | 3 studies · 98 participants | Low Downgraded: imprecision, inconsistency |
Chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash (adjunct to mechanical cleaning) vs Blank control (no mouthwash; before-after comparison)
Population: Orthodontic patients (any age) undergoing orthodontic treatment (mostly fixed appliances)
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Plaque Index (PI, Silness & Loe 1964) <=3 months (short-term) Chlorhexidine mouthwash may reduce the Plaque Index versus blank control in the short term (WMD -0.70, 95% CI -1.12 to -0.27), but the evidence is very uncertain (very low certainty). Source: Fig. 6 (forest plot); Table 2 (CHXMW, PI vs blank controls, 4 RCT <=3mo); Results 'Meta-analysis results' · same question in other reviews | WMD -0.70 [-1.12, -0.27] | 4 studies · 188 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision, inconsistency |
Gingival Index (GI, Loe & Silness 1963) <=3 months (short-term) Chlorhexidine mouthwash may reduce the Gingival Index versus blank control in the short term (WMD -0.54, 95% CI -0.96 to -0.13), but with very high heterogeneity the evidence is very uncertain (very low certainty). Source: Fig. 5 (forest plot); Table 2 (CHXMW, GI vs blank controls, 6 RCT <=3mo); Results 'Meta-analysis results' · same question in other reviews | WMD -0.54 [-0.96, -0.13] | 6 studies · 274 participants | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision, inconsistency |
Cariogenic bacteria (Mutans streptococci) ≤ 3 months Population: Orthodontic patients Chlorhexidine mouthwash reduced Mutans streptococci versus blank control, but certainty is very low. Source: Table 2 · same question in other reviews | Colony count of MS was significantly reduced compared to blank control according to one study [53]; one study reported a significant reduction compared to baseline [51]. | 2 studies | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision, inconsistency |
Total bacteria (colony count) <=3 months (short-term) Chlorhexidine mouthwash may reduce total bacteria colony counts versus blank control in the short term, but the evidence is very uncertain (very low certainty). Source: Table 2 (CHXMW, Total bacteria vs blank controls, 2 RCT <=3mo); Results 'The efficacy of mouthwashes on microorganisms' · same question in other reviews | Colony count of total bacteria were significantly reduced compared to placebos according to two studies [34, 43]. | 2 studies | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision, inconsistency |
Herbal mouthwash vs Placebo
Population: Orthodontic patients
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Plaque-related index ≤ 3 months Herbal mouthwash reduced some plaque-related indices versus placebo, with low-certainty evidence. Source: Table 2 · same question in other reviews | PI was significantly reduced compared to placebo [56]; VPI was significantly reduced compared to placebo [41]; PI was insignificantly reduced compared to placebo [19]. | 3 studies | Low Downgraded: imprecision, inconsistency |
Gingival inflammation-related index ≤ 3 months Herbal mouthwash reduced gingival inflammation-related indices versus placebo, but certainty is very low. Source: Table 2 · same question in other reviews | GBI was significantly reduced compared to placebo [41]; GBI was significantly reduced compared to placebo [56]; BI was significantly reduced compared to placebo [40]. | 3 studies | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision, inconsistency |
Cariogenic bacteria (Mutans streptococci) ≤ 3 months Herbal mouthwash reduced Mutans streptococci versus placebo, but certainty is very low. Source: Table 2 · same question in other reviews | Colony count of MS was significantly reduced compared to placebo [52]; colony count was slightly reduced compared to placebo in a short time in one study [40]. | 2 studies | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision, inconsistency |
Herbal / plant-extract mouthwash (e.g., essential oils, Persica, propolis, Azadirachta indica, chamomile, Aloe vera) vs Blank control (no mouthwash; before-after comparison)
Population: Orthodontic patients (any age) undergoing orthodontic treatment (mostly fixed appliances)
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Gingival Index (GI, Loe & Silness 1963) <=3 months (short-term) Herbal mouthwash probably reduces the Gingival Index versus blank control in the short term (WMD -0.20, 95% CI -0.32 to -0.09; moderate certainty). Source: Fig. 7 (forest plot); Table 2 (HerbalMW, GI vs blank controls, 3 RCT <=3mo); Results 'Meta-analysis results' · same question in other reviews | WMD -0.20 [-0.32, -0.09] | 3 studies · 132 participants | Moderate Downgraded: imprecision |
Plaque-related index ≤ 3 months Population: Orthodontic patients Herbal mouthwash reduced several plaque-related indices, but certainty is very low. Source: Table 2 · same question in other reviews | PI was significantly reduced compared to baseline [39; 48; 54; 58]; BBPI was significantly reduced compared to blank control [47]; TI and dental plaque amount were significantly reduced compared to baseline [45; 38]. | 8 studies | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision, inconsistency |
Gingival inflammation-related index ≤ 3 months Population: Orthodontic patients Herbal mouthwash reduced some gingival inflammation-related indices, but certainty is very low. Source: Table 2 · same question in other reviews | CPI was significantly reduced compared to baseline [35]; SBI was significantly reduced while MGI was similar compared to baseline [45]; BOP was significantly reduced compared to blank control [39]. | 3 studies | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision, inconsistency |
Cariogenic bacteria (Mutans streptococci) ≤ 3 months Population: Orthodontic patients Herbal mouthwash showed mixed effects on Mutans streptococci, with very low-certainty evidence. Source: Table 2 · same question in other reviews | Colony count of MS was significantly reduced compared to baseline [48]; another study found an insignificant reduction compared to baseline [51]. | 2 studies | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision, inconsistency |
Fluoride mouthwash vs Blank control
Population: Orthodontic patients
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Cariogenic bacteria (Mutans streptococci) ≤ 3 months Short-term fluoride mouthwash reduced Mutans streptococci, but certainty is very low. Source: Table 2 · same question in other reviews | Colony count of MS was significantly reduced compared to baseline according to two studies [33; 34]. | 2 studies | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision, inconsistency |
Gingival inflammation-related index <=3 months (short-term) Population: Orthodontic patients (any age) undergoing orthodontic treatment (mostly fixed appliances) Short-term fluoride mouthwash has uncertain effects on gingival inflammation-related indexes versus blank control (very low certainty). Source: Table 2 (FluorideMW, Gingival inflammation related index vs blank controls, 2 RCT <=3mo); Results 'The efficacy of mouthwashes on… · same question in other reviews | MGI' and BI' was significantly reduced compared to baseline [34]. BOP and GI was slightly lower compared to blank control [46]. | 2 studies | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision, inconsistency |
Plaque-related index ≥ 12 months Long-term fluoride mouthwash showed mixed plaque-index effects, with very low-certainty evidence. Source: Table 2 · same question in other reviews | PI was similar to blank control [37]; API was slightly reduced compared to blank control and significant at 6 and 9 months [59]. | 2 studies | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision, inconsistency |
Cariogenic bacteria (Lactobacilli colony count) >=12 months (long-term) Population: Orthodontic patients (any age) undergoing orthodontic treatment (mostly fixed appliances) Long-term (>=12 months) fluoride mouthwash may make little or no difference to Lactobacilli colony counts versus blank control (very low certainty). Source: Table 2 (FluorideMW, Cariogenic bacteria (LB) vs blank controls, 2 RCT >=12mo); Results 'The efficacy of mouthwashes on microorganisms' · same question in other reviews | Colony count of LB was similar to blank control according to two studies [37, 59]. | 2 studies | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision, inconsistency |
Cariogenic bacteria (Mutans streptococci) ≥ 12 months Long-term fluoride mouthwash did not change Mutans streptococci versus blank control, with very low-certainty evidence. Source: Table 2 · same question in other reviews | Colony count of MS was similar to blank control according to two studies [37; 59]. | 2 studies | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision, inconsistency |
Plaque-related index ≤ 3 months Short-term fluoride mouthwash showed mixed plaque-index effects, with very low-certainty evidence. Source: Table 2 · same question in other reviews | TI was significantly reduced compared to baseline [34]; PI was significantly reduced compared to baseline but similar to blank control [46]. | 2 studies | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision, inconsistency |
Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) mouthwash vs Blank control (no mouthwash; before-after comparison)
Population: Orthodontic patients (any age) undergoing orthodontic treatment (mostly fixed appliances)
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Plaque-related index <=3 months (short-term) CPC mouthwash may reduce plaque-related indexes versus blank control in the short term, but the evidence is very uncertain (very low certainty). Source: Table 2 (CPCMW, Plaque related index vs blank controls, 3 RCT <=3mo); Results 'The efficacy of mouthwashes on gingivitis' · same question in other reviews | BBPI was significantly reduced compared to blank control [47]. PI was significantly reduced compared to blank control [50]. The amount of dental plaque was significantly reduced compared to baseline [38]. | 3 studies | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision, inconsistency |
Probiotic mouthwash (e.g., Lactobacillus-based) vs Blank control (no mouthwash; before-after comparison)
Population: Orthodontic patients (any age) undergoing orthodontic treatment (mostly fixed appliances)
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Cariogenic bacteria (Mutans streptococci colony count) <=3 months (short-term) Probiotic mouthwash has inconsistent effects on Mutans streptococci colony counts versus blank control; the evidence is very uncertain (very low certainty). Source: Table 2 (ProbioticMW, Cariogenic bacteria vs blank controls, 2 RCT <=3mo); Results 'The efficacy of mouthwashes on microorganisms' · same question in other reviews | Colony count of MS was significantly reduced compared to blank control [53]. Colony count of MS was insignificantly increased compared to baseline [33]. | 2 studies | Very low Downgraded: risk of bias, imprecision, inconsistency |
AMSTAR 2 appraisal
Two independent extractors rated each item. Their ratings are shown side by side because they have not been reconciled yet. The overall rating follows Shea et al. 2017: one critical flaw gives Low, more than one gives Critically Low.
| Item | Extractor A | Extractor B | Agree |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1Research question includes PICO components | Yes | Yes | yes |
| 2Protocol established before the reviewcritical | Partial Yes | Partial Yes | yes |
| 3Choice of study designs explained | No | No | yes |
| 4Comprehensive literature searchcritical | Partial Yes | Partial Yes | yes |
| 5Study selection in duplicate | Yes | Yes | yes |
| 6Data extraction in duplicate | Yes | Yes | yes |
| 7List of excluded studies with reasonscritical | Yes | Partial Yes | no |
| 8Included studies described in detail | Yes | Partial Yes | no |
| 9Risk of bias assessed satisfactorilycritical | NRSI: N/A · RCT: Yes | NRSI: N/A · RCT: Yes | yes |
| 10Funding of included studies reported | Yes | Yes | yes |
| 11Appropriate meta-analysis methodscritical | RCT: Yes · NRSI: N/A | NRSI: N/A · RCT: Yes | no |
| 12Impact of risk of bias on the pooled results | No | No | yes |
| 13Risk of bias accounted for in interpretationcritical | Yes | Yes | yes |
| 14Heterogeneity explained | Yes | Yes | yes |
| 15Publication bias investigatedcritical | No | N/A | no |
| 16Conflicts of interest reported | Yes | No | no |
| Overall | Low | Moderate | no |
Included primary studies 47
Open as a trial list| Study | Also included by | Outcomes it informs here | Trial PICO | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| van der Kaaij et al. 2015 A prospective, randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial on the effects of a fluoride rinse on white spot lesion development and… PMID:25913893 | 3 other reviews | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Alves 2010 Effectiveness of Procedures for the Chemical-Mechanical Control of Dental Biofilm in Orthodontic Patients DOI:10.5005/jcdp-11-2-41 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Alves et al. 2011 Effectiveness of procedures for the chemical-mechanical control of dental biofilm in orthodontic patients. PMID:20228986 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Anderson 1997 Clinical effects of chlorhexidine mouthwashes on patients undergoing orthodontic treatment DOI:10.1016/s0889-5406(97)70312-3 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Anderson et al. 1997 Clinical effects of chlorhexidine mouthwashes on patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. PMID:9199591 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Bauer Faria 2021 Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects of Zingiber officinale mouthwash on patients with fixed orthodontic appliances DOI:10.1016/j.ajodo.2019.10.025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Bauer Faria et al. 2021 Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects of Zingiber officinale mouthwash on patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. PMID:33097364 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Brightman 1991 The effects of a 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinse on orthodontic patients aged 11 through 17 with established gingivitis DOI:10.1016/0889-5406(91)70069-9 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Brightman et al. 1991 The effects of a 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinse on orthodontic patients aged 11 through 17 with established gingivitis. PMID:1927982 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Chen 2013 The effects of natural compounds‐containing mouthrinses on patients with fixed orthodontic appliance treatment: clinical and… DOI:10.1111/ipd.12018 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Chen et al. 2013 The effects of natural compounds-containing mouthrinses on patients with fixed orthodontic appliance treatment: clinical and… PMID:23278871 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Dadgar et al. 2021 Effects of probiotic and fluoride mouthrinses on Streptococcus mutans in dental plaque around orthodontic brackets: A preliminary… PMID:34760065 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Dehghani et al. 2015 Combined chlorhexidine-sodiumfluoride mouthrinse for orthodontic patients: Clinical and microbiological study. PMID:26644831 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Dehghani et al. 2019 Effect of Propolis mouthwash on plaque and gingival indices over fixed orthodontic patients. PMID:31001394 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Du and Xie 2004 [The changes of subgingival microbials during periodontal maintenance in patients with gingivitic and wearing fixed orthodontic appliances]. PMID:15454021 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Enerbäck 2019 Effects of orthodontic treatment and different fluoride regimens on numbers of cariogenic bacteria and caries risk: a randomized… DOI:10.1093/ejo/cjy025 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Enerback et al. 2019 Effects of orthodontic treatment and different fluoride regimens on numbers of cariogenic bacteria and caries risk: a randomized… PMID:29722800 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Fard et al. 2011 Effectiveness of Mouth Washes on Streptococci in Plaque around Orthodontic Appliances. PMID:21991490 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Farhadian 2015 DOI:10.3290/j.ohpd.a33443 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Farhadian et al. 2015 GH-Releasing Hormone Promotes Survival and Prevents TNF-α-Induced Apoptosis and Atrophy in C2C12 Myotubes. PMID:26110916 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Goes 2016 Clinical efficacy of a 1% <i>Matricaria chamomile </i>L. mouthwash and 0.12% chlorhexidine for gingivitis control in patients… DOI:10.2334/josnusd.16-0280 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Goes et al. 2016 Clinical efficacy of a 1% Matricaria chamomile L. mouthwash and 0.12% chlorhexidine for gingivitis control in patients undergoing… PMID:28025442 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Goyal et al. 2019 Effects of amine fluoride and probiotic mouthwash on levels of Porphyromonas gingivalis in orthodontic patients: A randomized controlled… PMID:31367131 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Hasriati et al. 2020 ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF 0.2% CHLORHEXIDINE AND 1% CHITOSAN MOUTHWASH ON BACTERIA DURING ORTHODONTIC MINISCREW USE DOI:10.22159/ijap.2020.v12s2.op-07 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Koopman et al. 2015 The Effect of Fixed Orthodontic Appliances and Fluoride Mouthwash on the Oral Microbiome of Adolescents - A Randomized Controlled Clinical… PMID:26332408 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Lin et al. 2014 [Role of protons in the operational mechanism of the 3d conjugation point of the respiratory chain of mitochondria: cytochrome oxidase as… PMID:201436 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Madlena et al. 2012 Effects of amine and stannous fluorides on plaque accumulation and gingival health in orthodontic patients treated with fixed appliances:… PMID:22692271 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Maruo 2008 Effect of chlorhexidine mouth rinse on <i>Streptococci</i> counts of tooth‐tissue‐borne palatal expander biofilm DOI:10.1111/j.1601-6343.2007.00418.x | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Maruo et al. 2008 Effect of chlorhexidine mouth rinse on Streptococci counts of tooth-tissue-borne palatal expander biofilm. PMID:18713150 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Niazi 2018 DOI:10.3290/j.ohpd.a40983 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Niazi et al. 2018 Anti-plaque Efficacy of Herbal Mouthwashes Compared to Synthetic Mouthwashes in Patients Undergoing Orthodontic Treatment: A Randomised… PMID:30151504 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Nishad 2017 Impact of Mouthwashes on Antibacterial Activity of Subjects with Fixed Orthodontic Appliances: A Randomized Clinical Trial DOI:10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2185 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Nishad et al. 2017 Impact of Mouthwashes on Antibacterial Activity of Subjects with Fixed Orthodontic Appliances: A Randomized Clinical Trial. PMID:29208784 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Ousehal 2011 Evaluation of dental plaque control in patients wearing fixed orthodontic appliances: A clinical study DOI:10.1016/j.ortho.2010.12.013 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Ousehal et al. 2011 Evaluation of dental plaque control in patients wearing fixed orthodontic appliances: a clinical study. PMID:21277846 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Pahwa et al. 2011 Short term clinical effectiveness of a 0.07% cetylpyridinium chloride mouth rinse in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic appliance… PMID:23960507 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Saffari et al. 2015 The Effects of Chlorhexidine and Persica Mouthwashes on Colonization of Streptococcus mutans on Fixed Orthodontics O-rings. PMID:25759859 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Salehi 2006 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Salehi and Momeni Danaie 2006 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Shah et al. 2019 Comparative Evaluation of Plaque Inhibitory and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Probiotic and Chlorhexidine Oral Rinses in Orthodontic Patients:… PMID:30930947 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Shalini 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Shalini and Ramesh 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Shilpa et al. 2019 Efficacy of Three Types of Plaque Control Methods During Fixed Orthodontic Treatment: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PMID:31198346 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Sobouti 2018 Effects of fixed orthodontic treatment and two new mouth rinses on gingival health: A prospective cohort followed by a single-blind… DOI:10.1016/j.ortho.2018.01.027 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Sobouti et al. 2018 Effects of fixed orthodontic treatment and two new mouth rinses on gingival health: A prospective cohort followed by a single-blind… PMID:29478929 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Yeturu et al. 2016 Effect of Aloe vera, chlorine dioxide, and chlorhexidine mouth rinses on plaque and gingivitis: A randomized controlled trial. PMID:26937371 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Zingler et al. 2016 Association between clinical and salivary microbial parameters during orthodontic treatment with removable appliances with or without use… PMID:27759405 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
Overlap with other reviews
Reviews that include the same primary studies are not independent evidence. Shared counts match studies by PMID, DOI or NCT, and otherwise by author and year (a probable match).