Non-Cochrane · intervention · PM37264364
Comparison of therapies of white spot lesions: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.
Xie Zunxuan, Yu Lei, Li Sining, et al. · BMC oral health · 2023 · PubMed · doi:10.1186/s12903-023-03076-x
Full textEvery question was extracted from the full text, figures and supplements by two independent LLM extractors, disagreements adjudicated. Rows cite where in the review the value comes from.
Questions
22
current version
GRADE rated
0
No studies
0
Included studies
81
linked below
No studies 0 · 0%Ungraded 22 · 100%Very low 0 · 0%Low 0 · 0%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
Review question
| Element | Planned (methods) | Found (results) |
|---|---|---|
| Population | Participants with white spot lesions (WSLs; post-orthodontic and non-post-orthodontic), early caries lesions (ECLs), asymptomatic active caries lesions (ACLs), and other superficial demineralization lesions meeting the ICDAS II definition, including artificial in vitro/in vivo lesions. Excluded: deep caries, root caries, dental fluorosis, other dental defects, and congenital/systemic conditions. | 42 studies in the systematic review; 31 in the network meta-analysis (1906 participants, 33 outcomes). Lesion mix: orthodontic WSLs 35.7%, non-orthodontic WSLs 4.8%, unspecified WSLs 16.7%, ECLs 19.0%, ACLs 7.1%, MIH 2.4%, artificial lesions 14.3%; participants predominantly children and adolescents. |
| Intervention | Therapies for WSLs/ECLs: resin infiltration (RI); fluoride varnish (FV); self-assembling peptide P11-4 with or without fluoride varnish; CPP-ACP; CPP-ACFP. Fluoride toothpastes were not treated as specific interventions. | Seven NMA nodes (by number of outcomes): fluoride varnish (21), CPP-ACP (10), P11-4 (7), CPP-ACFP (6), P11-4+FV (5), resin infiltration (5). |
| Comparison | Placebo or various control measures, plus head-to-head comparisons among the therapies (fluoride varnish regarded as the gold-standard comparator). | Control (22 outcomes) as the main common comparator; fluoride varnish (gold standard) as a key active comparator. 15 direct pairwise comparison groups. |
| Outcomes | Change in lesion metric: quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF), laser fluorescence (LF/DIAGNOdent), or lesion area by image analysis (any measure of lesion extent). Effect size = standardized mean difference (SMD). Count-data and visual (e.g., VAS) outcomes excluded. | Standardized mean difference (SMD) in change of lesion value (QLF/LF/area); 33 results from 31 studies. Network consistent (global inconsistency chi-square = 9.05, P = 0.94; no significant local inconsistency by side-split test). Funnel plot symmetric (no evidence of publication bias). |
| Study designs | Randomized controlled trials (clinical and in vitro RCTs); completed and published in English. | 42 RCTs: 36 clinical trials assessed with ROB 2.0 (12 low, 22 moderate, 2 high) and 6 in vitro RCTs assessed with an 8-item methodological tool (mostly low/medium risk). |
| Timing | Minimum 2-week follow-up. | Follow-up ranged from 2 weeks to 36 months. |
Search date: July 2022 (last search reported in abstract); search window January 2007 to June 2022 (Methods). Databases: PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials), and Web of Science; plus reference lists of eligible articles and recent systematic reviews
Questions and results
P11-4 + fluoride varnish vs Control (placebo / no active therapy)
Population: Patients with white spot lesions / early caries lesions (WSLs/ECLs), including orthodontic and non-orthodontic lesions, active caries lesions, MIH, and artificial in vitro lesions; predominantly children and adolescents
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Remineralization / reduction in lesion severity (change in QLF, laser fluorescence, or lesion area) Combined self-assembling peptide P11-4 plus fluoride varnish significantly improved white spot lesion remineralization versus control (SMD -0.96, 95% CI -1.44 to -0.48) and ranked highest of seven therapies by SUCRA (89.7%); certainty of evidence not assessed (no GRADE). Source: Fig. 4b and Fig. 4a (NMA consistency-model forest plot); direct-comparison study count from Table 4 (side-split test); Results: Forest… · same question in other reviews | SMD -0.96 [-1.44, -0.48] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Resin infiltration vs Control (placebo / no active therapy)
Population: Patients with white spot lesions / early caries lesions (WSLs/ECLs), including orthodontic and non-orthodontic lesions, active caries lesions, MIH, and artificial in vitro lesions; predominantly children and adolescents
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Remineralization / reduction in lesion severity (change in QLF, laser fluorescence, or lesion area) Resin infiltration significantly improved remineralization versus control (SMD -0.94, 95% CI -1.46 to -0.43), ranking second of seven therapies by SUCRA (88.7%); certainty of evidence not assessed (no GRADE). Source: Fig. 4b and Fig. 4a (NMA consistency-model forest plot); direct-comparison study count from Table 4 (side-split test); Results: Forest… · same question in other reviews | SMD -0.94 [-1.46, -0.43] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Self-assembling peptide P11-4 vs Control (placebo / no active therapy)
Population: Patients with white spot lesions / early caries lesions (WSLs/ECLs), including orthodontic and non-orthodontic lesions, active caries lesions, MIH, and artificial in vitro lesions; predominantly children and adolescents
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Remineralization / reduction in lesion severity (change in QLF, laser fluorescence, or lesion area) Self-assembling peptide P11-4 significantly improved remineralization versus control (SMD -0.56, 95% CI -0.96 to -0.15); certainty of evidence not assessed (no GRADE). Source: Fig. 4b and Fig. 4a (NMA consistency-model forest plot); direct-comparison study count from Table 4 (side-split test); Results: Forest… · same question in other reviews | SMD -0.56 [-0.96, -0.15] | 4 studies | Ungraded |
CPP-ACFP vs Control (placebo / no active therapy)
Population: Patients with white spot lesions / early caries lesions (WSLs/ECLs), including orthodontic and non-orthodontic lesions, active caries lesions, MIH, and artificial in vitro lesions; predominantly children and adolescents
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Remineralization / reduction in lesion severity (change in QLF, laser fluorescence, or lesion area) CPP-ACFP versus control gave SMD -0.42 (95% CI -0.84 to 0.00); the review classed CPP-ACFP as statistically significant versus control although the reported CI upper limit is at the null (0.00); certainty of evidence not assessed (no GRADE). Source: Fig. 4b and Fig. 4a (NMA consistency-model forest plot); direct-comparison study count from Table 4 (side-split test); Results: Forest… · same question in other reviews | SMD -0.42 [-0.84, 0.00] | 5 studies | Ungraded |
Fluoride varnish vs Control (placebo / no active therapy)
Population: Patients with white spot lesions / early caries lesions (WSLs/ECLs), including orthodontic and non-orthodontic lesions, active caries lesions, MIH, and artificial in vitro lesions; predominantly children and adolescents
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Remineralization / reduction in lesion severity (change in QLF, laser fluorescence, or lesion area) Fluoride varnish (gold standard) did not differ significantly from control (SMD -0.25, 95% CI -0.51 to 0.02); certainty of evidence not assessed (no GRADE). Source: Fig. 4b and Fig. 4a (NMA consistency-model forest plot); direct-comparison study count from Table 4 (side-split test); Results: Forest… · same question in other reviews | SMD -0.25 [-0.51, 0.02] | 12 studies | Ungraded |
CPP-ACP vs Control (placebo / no active therapy)
Population: Patients with white spot lesions / early caries lesions (WSLs/ECLs), including orthodontic and non-orthodontic lesions, active caries lesions, MIH, and artificial in vitro lesions; predominantly children and adolescents
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Remineralization / reduction in lesion severity (change in QLF, laser fluorescence, or lesion area) CPP-ACP did not differ significantly from control (SMD -0.18, 95% CI -0.49 to 0.14); certainty of evidence not assessed (no GRADE). Source: Fig. 4b and Fig. 4a (NMA consistency-model forest plot); direct-comparison study count from Table 4 (side-split test); Results: Forest… · same question in other reviews | SMD -0.18 [-0.49, 0.14] | 8 studies | Ungraded |
P11-4 + fluoride varnish vs Fluoride varnish (gold standard)
Population: Patients with white spot lesions / early caries lesions (WSLs/ECLs), including orthodontic and non-orthodontic lesions, active caries lesions, MIH, and artificial in vitro lesions; predominantly children and adolescents
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Remineralization / reduction in lesion severity (change in QLF, laser fluorescence, or lesion area) P11-4 plus fluoride varnish was significantly better than fluoride varnish alone (SMD -0.71, 95% CI -1.13 to -0.29); certainty of evidence not assessed (no GRADE). Source: Fig. 4a (NMA consistency-model forest plot); direct-comparison study count from Table 4 (side-split test) · same question in other reviews | SMD -0.71 [-1.13, -0.29] | 5 studies | Ungraded |
Resin infiltration vs Fluoride varnish (gold standard)
Population: Patients with white spot lesions / early caries lesions (WSLs/ECLs), including orthodontic and non-orthodontic lesions, active caries lesions, MIH, and artificial in vitro lesions; predominantly children and adolescents
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Remineralization / reduction in lesion severity (change in QLF, laser fluorescence, or lesion area) Resin infiltration was significantly better than fluoride varnish (SMD -0.70, 95% CI -1.18 to -0.21); certainty of evidence not assessed (no GRADE). Source: Fig. 4a (NMA consistency-model forest plot); direct-comparison study count from Table 4 (side-split test) · same question in other reviews | SMD -0.70 [-1.18, -0.21] | 4 studies | Ungraded |
Self-assembling peptide P11-4 vs Fluoride varnish (gold standard)
Population: Patients with white spot lesions / early caries lesions (WSLs/ECLs), including orthodontic and non-orthodontic lesions, active caries lesions, MIH, and artificial in vitro lesions; predominantly children and adolescents
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Remineralization / reduction in lesion severity (change in QLF, laser fluorescence, or lesion area) Self-assembling peptide P11-4 did not differ significantly from fluoride varnish (SMD -0.31, 95% CI -0.71 to 0.09); certainty of evidence not assessed (no GRADE). Source: Fig. 4a (NMA consistency-model forest plot); direct-comparison study count from Table 4 (side-split test) · same question in other reviews | SMD -0.31 [-0.71, 0.09] | 5 studies | Ungraded |
P11-4 + fluoride varnish vs CPP-ACP
Population: People or specimens with white spot lesions or early caries lesions
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Change in lesion metric measured by QLF, laser fluorescence, or lesion area 2 weeks to 36 months The NMA estimated an SMD of -0.78 for P11-4 + fluoride varnish versus CPP-ACP (95% CI -1.33 to -0.28). Source: Fig. 4a · same question in other reviews | SMD -0.78 [-1.33, -0.24] | NR | Ungraded |
Remineralization / reduction in lesion severity (change in QLF, laser fluorescence, or lesion area) Population: Patients with white spot lesions / early caries lesions (WSLs/ECLs), including orthodontic and non-orthodontic lesions, active caries lesions, MIH, and artificial in vitro lesions; predominantly children and adolescents P11-4 plus fluoride varnish was significantly better than CPP-ACP (SMD -0.78, 95% CI -1.33 to -0.24; indirect evidence only); certainty of evidence not assessed (no GRADE). Source: Fig. 4a (NMA consistency-model forest plot); indirect comparison only (Table 4 side-split test) · same question in other reviews | SMD -0.78 [-1.33, -0.24] | NR | Ungraded |
Resin infiltration vs CPP-ACP
Population: Patients with white spot lesions / early caries lesions (WSLs/ECLs), including orthodontic and non-orthodontic lesions, active caries lesions, MIH, and artificial in vitro lesions; predominantly children and adolescents
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Remineralization / reduction in lesion severity (change in QLF, laser fluorescence, or lesion area) Resin infiltration was significantly better than CPP-ACP (SMD -0.77, 95% CI -1.31 to -0.23); certainty of evidence not assessed (no GRADE). Source: Fig. 4a (NMA consistency-model forest plot); direct-comparison study count from Table 4 (side-split test) · same question in other reviews | SMD -0.77 [-1.31, -0.23] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Self-assembling peptide P11-4 vs CPP-ACP
Population: Patients with white spot lesions / early caries lesions (WSLs/ECLs), including orthodontic and non-orthodontic lesions, active caries lesions, MIH, and artificial in vitro lesions; predominantly children and adolescents
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Remineralization / reduction in lesion severity (change in QLF, laser fluorescence, or lesion area) Self-assembling peptide P11-4 did not differ significantly from CPP-ACP (SMD -0.38, 95% CI -0.87 to 0.11; indirect evidence only); certainty of evidence not assessed (no GRADE). Source: Fig. 4a (NMA consistency-model forest plot); indirect comparison only (Table 4 side-split test) · same question in other reviews | SMD -0.38 [-0.87, 0.11] | NR | Ungraded |
Fluoride varnish vs CPP-ACP
Population: Patients with white spot lesions / early caries lesions (WSLs/ECLs), including orthodontic and non-orthodontic lesions, active caries lesions, MIH, and artificial in vitro lesions; predominantly children and adolescents
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Remineralization / reduction in lesion severity (change in QLF, laser fluorescence, or lesion area) Fluoride varnish did not differ significantly from CPP-ACP (SMD -0.07, 95% CI -0.44 to 0.29); certainty of evidence not assessed (no GRADE). Source: Fig. 4a (NMA consistency-model forest plot); direct-comparison study count from Table 4 (side-split test) · same question in other reviews | SMD -0.07 [-0.44, 0.29] | 3 studies | Ungraded |
CPP-ACP vs CPP-ACFP
Population: Patients with white spot lesions / early caries lesions (WSLs/ECLs), including orthodontic and non-orthodontic lesions, active caries lesions, MIH, and artificial in vitro lesions; predominantly children and adolescents
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Remineralization / reduction in lesion severity (change in QLF, laser fluorescence, or lesion area) CPP-ACP did not differ significantly from CPP-ACFP (SMD 0.25, 95% CI -0.24 to 0.73); certainty of evidence not assessed (no GRADE). Source: Fig. 4a (NMA consistency-model forest plot); direct-comparison study count from Table 4 (side-split test) · same question in other reviews | SMD 0.25 [-0.24, 0.73] | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Fluoride varnish vs CPP-ACFP
Population: Patients with white spot lesions / early caries lesions (WSLs/ECLs), including orthodontic and non-orthodontic lesions, active caries lesions, MIH, and artificial in vitro lesions; predominantly children and adolescents
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Remineralization / reduction in lesion severity (change in QLF, laser fluorescence, or lesion area) Fluoride varnish did not differ significantly from CPP-ACFP (SMD 0.18, 95% CI -0.29 to 0.64); certainty of evidence not assessed (no GRADE). Source: Fig. 4a (NMA consistency-model forest plot); direct-comparison study count from Table 4 (side-split test) · same question in other reviews | SMD 0.18 [-0.29, 0.64] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Self-assembling peptide P11-4 vs CPP-ACFP
Population: Patients with white spot lesions / early caries lesions (WSLs/ECLs), including orthodontic and non-orthodontic lesions, active caries lesions, MIH, and artificial in vitro lesions; predominantly children and adolescents
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Remineralization / reduction in lesion severity (change in QLF, laser fluorescence, or lesion area) Self-assembling peptide P11-4 did not differ significantly from CPP-ACFP (SMD -0.13, 95% CI -0.68 to 0.42); certainty of evidence not assessed (no GRADE). Source: Fig. 4a (NMA consistency-model forest plot); direct-comparison study count from Table 4 (side-split test) · same question in other reviews | SMD -0.13 [-0.68, 0.42] | 2 studies | Ungraded |
P11-4 + fluoride varnish vs CPP-ACFP
Population: Patients with white spot lesions / early caries lesions (WSLs/ECLs), including orthodontic and non-orthodontic lesions, active caries lesions, MIH, and artificial in vitro lesions; predominantly children and adolescents
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Remineralization / reduction in lesion severity (change in QLF, laser fluorescence, or lesion area) P11-4 plus fluoride varnish did not differ significantly from CPP-ACFP (SMD -0.54, 95% CI -1.15 to 0.08; indirect evidence only); certainty of evidence not assessed (no GRADE). Source: Fig. 4a (NMA consistency-model forest plot); indirect comparison only (Table 4 side-split test) · same question in other reviews | SMD -0.54 [-1.15, 0.08] | NR | Ungraded |
Resin infiltration vs CPP-ACFP
Population: Patients with white spot lesions / early caries lesions (WSLs/ECLs), including orthodontic and non-orthodontic lesions, active caries lesions, MIH, and artificial in vitro lesions; predominantly children and adolescents
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Remineralization / reduction in lesion severity (change in QLF, laser fluorescence, or lesion area) Resin infiltration did not differ significantly from CPP-ACFP (SMD -0.52, 95% CI -1.16 to 0.12; indirect evidence only); certainty of evidence not assessed (no GRADE). Source: Fig. 4a (NMA consistency-model forest plot); indirect comparison only (Table 4 side-split test) · same question in other reviews | SMD -0.52 [-1.16, 0.12] | NR | Ungraded |
P11-4 + fluoride varnish vs Self-assembling peptide P11-4
Population: Patients with white spot lesions / early caries lesions (WSLs/ECLs), including orthodontic and non-orthodontic lesions, active caries lesions, MIH, and artificial in vitro lesions; predominantly children and adolescents
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Remineralization / reduction in lesion severity (change in QLF, laser fluorescence, or lesion area) P11-4 plus fluoride varnish did not differ significantly from P11-4 alone (SMD -0.40, 95% CI -0.97 to 0.17; indirect evidence only); certainty of evidence not assessed (no GRADE). Source: Fig. 4a (NMA consistency-model forest plot); indirect comparison only (Table 4 side-split test) · same question in other reviews | SMD -0.40 [-0.97, 0.17] | NR | Ungraded |
Resin infiltration vs Self-assembling peptide P11-4
Population: Patients with white spot lesions / early caries lesions (WSLs/ECLs), including orthodontic and non-orthodontic lesions, active caries lesions, MIH, and artificial in vitro lesions; predominantly children and adolescents
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Remineralization / reduction in lesion severity (change in QLF, laser fluorescence, or lesion area) Resin infiltration did not differ significantly from P11-4 alone (SMD -0.39, 95% CI -0.97 to 0.20); certainty of evidence not assessed (no GRADE). Source: Fig. 4a (NMA consistency-model forest plot); direct-comparison study count from Table 4 (side-split test) · same question in other reviews | SMD -0.39 [-0.97, 0.20] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Resin infiltration vs P11-4 + fluoride varnish
Population: Patients with white spot lesions / early caries lesions (WSLs/ECLs), including orthodontic and non-orthodontic lesions, active caries lesions, MIH, and artificial in vitro lesions; predominantly children and adolescents
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Remineralization / reduction in lesion severity (change in QLF, laser fluorescence, or lesion area) Resin infiltration and P11-4 plus fluoride varnish did not differ significantly (SMD 0.01, 95% CI -0.62 to 0.65; indirect evidence only); certainty of evidence not assessed (no GRADE). Source: Fig. 4a (NMA consistency-model forest plot); indirect comparison only (Table 4 side-split test) · same question in other reviews | SMD 0.01 [-0.62, 0.65] | NR | Ungraded |
AMSTAR 2 appraisal
Two independent extractors rated each item. Their ratings are shown side by side because they have not been reconciled yet. The overall rating follows Shea et al. 2017: one critical flaw gives Low, more than one gives Critically Low.
| Item | Extractor A | Extractor B | Agree |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1Research question includes PICO components | Yes | Yes | yes |
| 2Protocol established before the reviewcritical | Partial Yes | Partial Yes | yes |
| 3Choice of study designs explained | Yes | Yes | yes |
| 4Comprehensive literature searchcritical | Partial Yes | Partial Yes | yes |
| 5Study selection in duplicate | Yes | Yes | yes |
| 6Data extraction in duplicate | Yes | Yes | yes |
| 7List of excluded studies with reasonscritical | No | No | yes |
| 8Included studies described in detail | Partial Yes | Yes | no |
| 9Risk of bias assessed satisfactorilycritical | NRSI: N/A · RCT: Yes | NRSI: N/A · RCT: Yes | yes |
| 10Funding of included studies reported | No | No | yes |
| 11Appropriate meta-analysis methodscritical | NRSI: N/A · RCT: Yes | RCT: Yes · NRSI: N/A | no |
| 12Impact of risk of bias on the pooled results | No | No | yes |
| 13Risk of bias accounted for in interpretationcritical | Yes | No | no |
| 14Heterogeneity explained | Yes | No | no |
| 15Publication bias investigatedcritical | Yes | Yes | yes |
| 16Conflicts of interest reported | Yes | No | no |
| Overall | Low | Critically Low | no |
Included primary studies 81
Open as a trial list| Study | Also included by | Outcomes it informs here | Trial PICO | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vollú 2019 Efficacy of 30% silver diamine fluoride compared to atraumatic restorative treatment on dentine caries arrestment in primary molars of… PMID:31279925 | 4 other reviews | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Abdellatif 2021 Caries arrest effectiveness of silver diamine fluoride compared to alternative restorative technique: randomized clinical trial. PMID:33387347 | 3 other reviews | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| van der Kaaij 2015 A prospective, randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial on the effects of a fluoride rinse on white spot lesion development and… PMID:25913893 | 3 other reviews | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Kannan 2019 Comparative evaluation of Icon® resin infiltration and Clinpro™ XT varnish on colour and fluorescence changes of white spot lesions: a… PMID:31204437 | 2 other reviews | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Bailey 2009 matched by author and year (probable) | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Güçlü 2016 A 12-Week Assessment of the Treatment of White Spot Lesions with CPP-ACP Paste and/or Fluoride Varnish. PMID:27843950 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Llena 2015 matched by author and year (probable) | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Rechmann 2018 MI Varnish and MI Paste Plus in a caries prevention and remineralization study: a randomized controlled trial. PMID:29299732 | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Singh 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Srisilapanan 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | 1 other review | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Abdellatif 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Alkilzy 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Alkilzy 2018 Self-assembling Peptide P11-4 and Fluoride for Regenerating Enamel. PMID:28892645 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Bailey 2009 Regression of post-orthodontic lesions by a remineralizing cream. PMID:19887683 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Batayneh 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Batayneh 2020 Assessment of the effects of a fluoride dentifrice and GC Tooth Mousse on early caries lesions in primary anterior teeth using… PMID:31134470 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Beerens 2010 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Beerens 2010 Effects of casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium fluoride phosphate paste on white spot lesions and dental plaque after orthodontic… PMID:21083623 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Beerens 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Beerens 2018 Long-term remineralizing effect of MI Paste Plus on regression of early caries after orthodontic fixed appliance treatment: a 12-month… PMID:29161371 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Bröchner 2011 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Bröchner 2011 Treatment of post-orthodontic white spot lesions with casein phosphopeptide-stabilised amorphous calcium phosphate. PMID:20383545 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Bröseler 2020 Randomised clinical trial investigating self-assembling peptide P11-4 in the treatment of early caries. PMID:31037343 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Bröseler2020 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Ciftci 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Ciftci 2018 The efficacy of resin infiltrate on the treatment of white spot lesions and developmental opacities. PMID:30417842 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Doberdoli 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Doberdoli 2020 Randomized Clinical Trial investigating Self-Assembling Peptide P11-4 for Treatment of Early Occlusal Caries. PMID:32144336 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Esparza-Villalpando 2021 Clinical Efficacy of Two Topical Agents for the Remineralization of Enamel White Spot Lesions in Primary Teeth. PMID:33892832 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Giray 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Giray 2018 Resin infiltration technique and fluoride varnish on white spot lesions in children: Preliminary findings of a randomized clinical trial. PMID:30560818 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Gokce 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Gokce 2017 Effects of toothpastes on white spot lesions around orthodontic brackets using quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) : An in vitro… PMID:28929203 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Gözetici 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Gözetici 2019 Comparative Evaluation of Resin Infiltration and Remineralisation of Noncavitated Smooth Surface Caries Lesions: 6-month Results. PMID:30874252 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Guo 2022 Therapeutic effect of a novel bioactive glass-ceramics on early caries lesions: a single-center, randomized controlled clinical trial. PMID:34036434 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Guo, X. 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| He 2016 Comparative assessment of fluoride varnish and fluoride film for remineralization of postorthodontic white spot lesions in adolescents and… PMID:27241991 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Heravi 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Heravi 2018 Effectiveness of MI Paste Plus and Remin Pro on remineralization and color improvement of postorthodontic white spot lesions. PMID:29576772 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Jablonski 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Jablonski 2020 Impact of self-assembling peptides in remineralisation of artificial early enamel lesions adjacent to orthodontic brackets. PMID:32934335 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Kaaij 2015 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Kannan 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Karabekiroğlu 2017 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Karabekiroğlu 2017 Treatment of post-orthodontic white spot lesions with CPP-ACP paste: A three year follow up study. PMID:28835597 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Kobeissi 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Kobeissi 2020 Effectiveness of Self-assembling Peptide P11-4 Compared to Tricalcium Phosphate Fluoride Varnish in Remineralization of White Spot… PMID:33623327 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Lena 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Lena Sezici 2021 Comparative evaluation of fluoride varnishes, self-assembling peptide-based remineralization agent, and enamel matrix protein derivative… PMID:33491110 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Llena 2015 CPP-ACP and CPP-ACFP versus fluoride varnish in remineralisation of early caries lesions. A prospective study. PMID:26418918 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Mehta 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Mehta 2013 Comparative evaluation of remineralization potential of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate and casein… PMID:24552927 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Memarpour 2015 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Memarpour 2015 Efficacy of fluoride varnish and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate for remineralization of primary teeth: a randomized… PMID:25895964 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Rechmann 2018 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Restrepo 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Restrepo 2016 Effect of Fluoride Varnish on Enamel Remineralization in Anterior Teeth with Molar Incisor Hypomineralization. PMID:27472567 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Sedlakova 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Sedlakova Kondelova 2020 Efficacy of P11-4 for the treatment of initial buccal caries: a randomized clinical trial. PMID:33214593 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Simon 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Simon 2022 Management of Post Orthodontic White Spot Lesions Using Resin Infiltration and CPP-ACP Materials- A Clinical Study. PMID:35311975 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Singh 2016 Effects of various remineralizing agents on the outcome of post-orthodontic white spot lesions (WSLs): a clinical trial. PMID:27480987 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Sitthisettapong 2015 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Sitthisettapong 2015 Effect of CPP-ACP Paste on Enamel Carious Lesion of Primary Upper Anterior Teeth Assessed by Quantitative Light-Induced Fluorescence: A… PMID:26228178 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Souza 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Souza 2021 Acceptability and effect of TiF4 on dental caries: a randomized controlled clinical trial. PMID:34878076 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Srisilapanan 2013 Comparison of the efficacy of a dentifrice containing 1.5% arginine and 1450 ppm fluoride to a dentifrice containing 1450 ppm fluoride… PMID:23985436 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Tomaževič 2022 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Tomaževič 2022 Evaluation of fluoride varnish treatment of postorthodontic white spot lesions by visual inspection and laser fluorescence-A randomized… PMID:35510617 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Turska 2016 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Turska-Szybka 2016 Randomised Clinical Trial on Resin Infiltration and Fluoride Varnish vs Fluoride Varnish Treatment Only of Smooth-surface Early Caries… PMID:27957559 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Üstün 2019 Analysis of efficacy of the self-assembling peptide-based remineralization agent on artificial enamel lesions. PMID:30884045 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Villalpando 2021 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Vollú 2019 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Welk 2020 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Welk 2020 Effect of self-assembling peptide P11-4 on orthodontic treatment-induced carious lesions. PMID:32321955 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Yin 2013 The anti-caries efficacy of a dentifrice containing 1.5% arginine and 1450 ppm fluoride as sodium monofluorophosphate assessed using… PMID:23985435 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Yin, W. 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Yuan 2013 matched by author and year (probable) | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
| Yuan 2014 Esthetic comparison of white-spot lesion treatment modalities using spectrometry and fluorescence. PMID:23984991 | this review only | not stated | not extracted yet | not extracted yet |
Overlap with other reviews
Reviews that include the same primary studies are not independent evidence. Shared counts match studies by PMID, DOI or NCT, and otherwise by author and year (a probable match).