Same question across reviews · CL0141
intervention :: Fluoride mouthrinse -> Other outcome
ProposalThis cluster groups questions by review type, intervention category and outcome domain. It is a proposal pending human validation, so questions in it may differ in population, comparator or timing.
Reviews
24
Questions
149
current versions
GRADE rated
28
Review overlap (CCA)
0.000
over all included studies of these reviews, not this question only
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Herbal mouthwash vs Placebo Plaque-related index · Orthodontic patients · ≤ 3 months The efficacy of mouthwashes on oral microorganisms and gingivitis in patients undergoing orthodontic… (2023) | PI was significantly reduced compared to placebo [56]; VPI was significantly reduced compared to placebo [41]; PI was insignificantly reduced compared to placebo [19]. | 3 studies | Low |
Chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash (adjunct to mechanical cleaning) vs Placebo mouthwash Pocket probing depth (PD) · Orthodontic patients (any age) undergoing orthodontic treatment (mostly fixed appliances) · <=3 months (short-term) The efficacy of mouthwashes on oral microorganisms and gingivitis in patients undergoing orthodontic… (2023) | PD was significantly reduced except mid-lingual site compared to placebo [32]. The changes of PD were significantly higher compared to placebo [56]. | 2 studies | Low |
Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) mouthwash vs Blank control (no mouthwash; before-after comparison) Plaque-related index · Orthodontic patients (any age) undergoing orthodontic treatment (mostly fixed appliances) · <=3 months (short-term) The efficacy of mouthwashes on oral microorganisms and gingivitis in patients undergoing orthodontic… (2023) | BBPI was significantly reduced compared to blank control [47]. PI was significantly reduced compared to blank control [50]. The amount of dental plaque was significantly reduced compared to baseline [38]. | 3 studies | Very low |
Fluoride mouthwash vs Blank control Plaque-related index · Orthodontic patients · ≥ 12 months The efficacy of mouthwashes on oral microorganisms and gingivitis in patients undergoing orthodontic… (2023) | PI was similar to blank control [37]; API was slightly reduced compared to blank control and significant at 6 and 9 months [59]. | 2 studies | Very low |
Fluoride mouthwash (e.g., NaF / amine fluoride) vs Blank control (no mouthwash; before-after comparison) Cariogenic bacteria (Lactobacilli colony count) · Orthodontic patients (any age) undergoing orthodontic treatment (mostly fixed appliances) · >=12 months (long-term) The efficacy of mouthwashes on oral microorganisms and gingivitis in patients undergoing orthodontic… (2023) | Colony count of LB was similar to blank control according to two studies [37, 59]. | 2 studies | Very low |
Fluoride mouthwash vs Blank control Plaque-related index · Orthodontic patients · ≤ 3 months The efficacy of mouthwashes on oral microorganisms and gingivitis in patients undergoing orthodontic… (2023) | TI was significantly reduced compared to baseline [34]; PI was significantly reduced compared to baseline but similar to blank control [46]. | 2 studies | Very low |
Herbal mouthwash vs Blank control Plaque-related index · Orthodontic patients · ≤ 3 months The efficacy of mouthwashes on oral microorganisms and gingivitis in patients undergoing orthodontic… (2023) | PI was significantly reduced compared to baseline [39; 48; 54; 58]; BBPI was significantly reduced compared to blank control [47]; TI and dental plaque amount were significantly reduced compared to baseline [45; 38]. | 8 studies | Very low |
Chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash (adjunct to mechanical cleaning) vs Blank control (no mouthwash; before-after comparison) Total bacteria (colony count) · Orthodontic patients (any age) undergoing orthodontic treatment (mostly fixed appliances) · <=3 months (short-term) The efficacy of mouthwashes on oral microorganisms and gingivitis in patients undergoing orthodontic… (2023) | Colony count of total bacteria were significantly reduced compared to placebos according to two studies [34, 43]. | 2 studies | Very low |
Essential oil mouthwash C (Listerine) vs Coloured and flavoured 5% hydroalcohol mouthwash Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · operator level; aerobic culture (cross-over; graph-only, not analysed) Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | One study (Fine 1993a) compared essential oil mouthwash C (Listerine) with coloured and flavoured 5% hydroalcohol mouthwash in a cross-over design for reduction in contamination by particles >5 um at operator level… | 1 study | Ungraded |
Any preprocedural mouth rinse vs Placebo, no rinsing or control Incidence of infection of dental healthcare providers · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | Primary outcome. Not measured by any of the 17 included studies (SoF tables state 'Not reported'); remained a total evidence gap from the protocol. | 0 studies | No studies |
Essential oil/herbal mouthwash vs Water Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · patient level (pharynx; not analysed) Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | Bay 1993 compared essential oil mouthwash C (Listerine) with distilled water and reported combined CFUs at different levels using Andersen's air sampler; level 2 (pharynx) was considered patient level and was not… | 1 study | Ungraded |
Any preprocedural mouth rinse vs Placebo, no rinsing or control Change of microbiota in the patient's mouth · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | No included study reported change of oral microbiota. | 0 studies | No studies |
Essential oil/herbal mouthwash vs Water Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · operator level Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | At operator level, because of high heterogeneity (I2 = 98%), the results were not meta-analysed (3 studies; Gupta 2014, Nayak 2020, Shetty 2013). No pooled estimate or GRADE rating. | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Essential oil/herbal mouthwash vs Water Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · assistant level Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | At assistant level, because of high heterogeneity (I2 = 99%), the results were not meta-analysed (3 studies; Gupta 2014, Nayak 2020, Shetty 2013). No pooled estimate or GRADE rating. | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Herbal mouthrinse vs Chlorhexidine 0.2% mouthrinse Presence of dry socket · Adults (>18 years) having permanent tooth extraction (predominantly mandibular third molars) · Follow-up: median 7 days Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.50 [0.05, 5.17] | 1 study · 50 participants | Ungraded |
Any antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination), at any concentration, delivered to healthcare workers, with or without the same intervention given to the patients with COVID-19 vs No treatment or saline or water Anosmia (or disturbance in sense of smell) · Healthcare workers (HCWs) treating patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection · Minimum 2 weeks Use of antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays by healthcare workers to protect them when… (2020) · Cochrane | No data available (no included studies) | 0 studies | No studies |
Chlorhexidine (mouthrinse or gel), as part of oral hygiene care vs Placebo or usual care Incidence of VAP · Critically ill patients (adults and children) receiving mechanical ventilation in ICU · Follow-up: mean 1 month Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator‐associated pneumonia (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.67 [0.47, 0.97] | 13 studies · 1206 participants | Moderate |
Any antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination), at any concentration, delivered to healthcare workers, with or without the same intervention given to the patients with COVID-19 vs No treatment or saline or water Viral content of aerosol · Healthcare workers (HCWs) treating patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection Use of antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays by healthcare workers to protect them when… (2020) · Cochrane | No data available (no included studies) | 0 studies | No studies |
Chlorhexidine (mouthrinse or gel), as part of oral hygiene care vs Placebo or usual care Caregivers' preferences for oral hygiene care · Critically ill patients (adults and children) receiving mechanical ventilation in ICU Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator‐associated pneumonia (2020) · Cochrane | The outcome of caregivers' preferences was not reported by any study in this comparison. | 0 studies | No studies |
Chlorhexidine (mouthrinse or gel), as part of oral hygiene care vs Placebo or usual care Mortality · Critically ill patients (adults and children) receiving mechanical ventilation in ICU · Follow-up: mean 1 month Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator‐associated pneumonia (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.80, 1.33] | 9 studies · 944 participants | Moderate |
Antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination), any concentration, frequency or dosage vs No treatment, saline, or water COVID-19 viral content of aerosol (when present) · Patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection Antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays administered to patients with suspected or confirmed… (2020) · Cochrane | No data available (no included studies) | 0 studies | No studies |
Dexamethasone mouthwash plus nystatin vs Photodynamic therapy Clinical resolution · People with symptomatic, biopsy-confirmed oral lichen planus (OLP); not concurrently receiving other OLP treatment Interventions for treating oral lichen planus: corticosteroid therapies (2020) · Cochrane | Bakhtiari 2017 (dexamethasone mouthwash + nystatin vs photodynamic therapy): clinical resolution reported (Analysis 4.6); no clear difference (low to very low certainty collectively) | 1 study | Ungraded |
Any antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination), at any concentration, delivered to the patient or HCW before and/or after an AGP vs No treatment or saline or water Change in COVID-19 viral load at site(s) of irrigation · Patients without suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs), and the… Antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays to protect healthcare workers when undertaking… (2020) · Cochrane | No data available (no included studies) | NR | No studies |
Any antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination), at any concentration, delivered to the patient or HCW before and/or after an AGP vs No treatment or saline or water Anosmia (or disturbance in sense of smell) · Patients without suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs), and the… · Assessed at a minimum of 2 weeks Antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays to protect healthcare workers when undertaking… (2020) · Cochrane | No data available (no included studies) | NR | No studies |
Any antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination), at any concentration, delivered to the patient or HCW before and/or after an AGP vs No treatment or saline or water Incidence of symptomatic or test-positive COVID-19 infection in HCWs or patients · Patients without suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs), and the… · Assessed at a minimum of 2 weeks Antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays to protect healthcare workers when undertaking… (2020) · Cochrane | No data available (no included studies) | NR | No studies |
Any antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination), at any concentration, delivered to healthcare workers, with or without the same intervention given to the patients with COVID-19 vs No treatment or saline or water Changes in microbiome in oral cavity, nasal cavity, oro- or nasopharynx · Healthcare workers (HCWs) treating patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection Use of antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays by healthcare workers to protect them when… (2020) · Cochrane | No data available (no included studies) | 0 studies | No studies |
Antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination), any concentration, frequency or dosage vs No treatment, saline, or water Incidence of symptomatic or test-positive COVID-19 infection in healthcare workers · Patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection · Minimum 2 weeks Antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays administered to patients with suspected or confirmed… (2020) · Cochrane | No data available (no included studies) | 0 studies | No studies |
Any antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination), at any concentration, delivered to healthcare workers, with or without the same intervention given to the patients with COVID-19 vs No treatment or saline or water Incidence of symptomatic or test-positive COVID-19 infection in HCWs · Healthcare workers (HCWs) treating patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection · Minimum 2 weeks Use of antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays by healthcare workers to protect them when… (2020) · Cochrane | No data available (no included studies) | 0 studies | No studies |
Antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination), any concentration, frequency or dosage vs No treatment, saline, or water Anosmia (or disturbance in sense of smell) · Patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection · Minimum 2 weeks Antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays administered to patients with suspected or confirmed… (2020) · Cochrane | No data available (no included studies) | 0 studies | No studies |
Chlorhexidine (mouthrinse or gel), as part of oral hygiene care vs Placebo or usual care Duration of mechanical ventilation · Critically ill patients (adults and children) receiving mechanical ventilation in ICU · Follow-up: mean 1 month Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator‐associated pneumonia (2020) · Cochrane | MD -1.10 [-3.20, 1.00] | 4 studies · 594 participants | Very low |
Chlorhexidine (mouthrinse or gel), as part of oral hygiene care vs Placebo or usual care Duration of ICU stay · Critically ill patients (adults and children) receiving mechanical ventilation in ICU · Follow-up: mean 1 month Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator‐associated pneumonia (2020) · Cochrane | MD -0.89 [-3.59, 1.82] | 5 studies · 627 participants | Low |
Antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination), any concentration, frequency or dosage vs No treatment, saline, or water Change in COVID-19 viral load in patients · Patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection Antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays administered to patients with suspected or confirmed… (2020) · Cochrane | No data available (no included studies) | 0 studies | No studies |
Antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination), any concentration, frequency or dosage vs No treatment, saline, or water RECOVERY trial outcomes (mortality; hospitalisation status; use of ventilation; use of renal dialysis or haemofiltration) · Patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection · Minimum 2 weeks Antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays administered to patients with suspected or confirmed… (2020) · Cochrane | No data available (no included studies) | 0 studies | No studies |
Chlorhexidine (mouthrinse or gel), as part of oral hygiene care vs Placebo or usual care Duration of systemic antibiotic use · Critically ill patients (adults and children) receiving mechanical ventilation in ICU Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator‐associated pneumonia (2020) · Cochrane | MD 0.65 [-0.58, 1.88] | 1 study · 146 participants | Ungraded |
Antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination), any concentration, frequency or dosage vs No treatment, saline, or water Changes in microbiome in oral cavity, nasal cavity, oro- or nasopharynx · Patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection Antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays administered to patients with suspected or confirmed… (2020) · Cochrane | No data available (no included studies) | 0 studies | No studies |
Any antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination), at any concentration, delivered to the patient or HCW before and/or after an AGP vs No treatment or saline or water COVID-19 viral content of aerosol · Patients without suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs), and the… Antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays to protect healthcare workers when undertaking… (2020) · Cochrane | No data available (no included studies) | NR | No studies |
0.1% chlorine dioxide mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash Dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced… · mean 3 weeks Interventions for managing halitosis (2019) · Cochrane | MD -0.61 [-0.73, -0.49] | 1 study · 47 participants | Low |
Green tea mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), halimeter · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced… · 28 days Interventions for managing halitosis (2019) · Cochrane | MD -57.39 [-184.63, 69.85] | 1 study · 60 participants | Ungraded |
Lemongrass oil mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), halimeter · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced… · 8 days Interventions for managing halitosis (2019) · Cochrane | MD -26.66 [-43.39, -9.93] | 1 study · 20 participants | Ungraded |
Toothbrushing + 0.075% cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash vs Toothbrushing Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), halimeter · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced… · 3 weeks Interventions for managing halitosis (2019) · Cochrane | MD -8.04 [-15.87, -0.21] | 1 study · 70 participants | Ungraded |
Chlorine dioxide mouthrinse (with tongue scraping) vs Chlorhexidine mouthwash (with tongue scraping) VSC: third component · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced… · 1 week Interventions for managing halitosis (2019) · Cochrane | MD 22.8 [-33.18, 78.78] | 1 study · 22 participants | Ungraded |
Salvadora persica (miswak) mouthrinse vs Chlorhexidine mouthrinse Post-intervention mean plaque score · Medically healthy individuals (adults and children, 6-60 years) · Post-intervention, Did not refrain from mechanical plaque control The antiplaque/anticariogenic efficacy of Salvadora persica (Miswak) mouthrinse in comparison to that of… (2019) | MD 0.17 [-0.08, 0.42] | 11 studies · 594 participants | Ungraded |
Chlorine dioxide mouthrinse (with tongue scraping) vs Chlorhexidine mouthwash (with tongue scraping) VSC: methyl mercaptan · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced… · 1 week Interventions for managing halitosis (2019) · Cochrane | MD 7.63 [-1.7, 16.96] | 1 study · 22 participants | Ungraded |
Salvadora persica (miswak) mouthrinse vs Chlorhexidine mouthrinse Post-intervention mean plaque score · Medically healthy individuals (adults and children, 6-60 years) · Post-intervention, Duration of mouthwash use: >=3 weeks The antiplaque/anticariogenic efficacy of Salvadora persica (Miswak) mouthrinse in comparison to that of… (2019) | MD 0.24 [-0.11, 0.60] | 7 studies · 420 participants | Ungraded |
Essential oil mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), halimeter · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced… · 2 weeks Interventions for managing halitosis (2019) · Cochrane | MD -5.13 [-32.94, 22.68] | 1 study · 45 participants | Ungraded |
Cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), halimeter · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced… · 2 weeks Interventions for managing halitosis (2019) · Cochrane | MD -20.04 [-37.71, -2.37] | 1 study · 47 participants | Ungraded |
Chlorine dioxide + zinc mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash Dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced… · mean 2 weeks Interventions for managing halitosis (2019) · Cochrane | MD -0.17 [-0.59, 0.25] | 1 study · 41 participants | Very low |
Benzethonium chloride mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash VSC: methyl mercaptan · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced… · 9 days Interventions for managing halitosis (2019) · Cochrane | MD 7.2 [-24.92, 39.32] | 1 study · 20 participants | Ungraded |
Salvadora persica (miswak) mouthrinse vs Chlorhexidine mouthrinse Post-intervention mean plaque score · Medically healthy individuals (adults and children, 6-60 years) · Post-intervention The antiplaque/anticariogenic efficacy of Salvadora persica (Miswak) mouthrinse in comparison to that of… (2019) | MD 0.19 [0.01, 0.37] | 18 studies · 902 participants | Ungraded |
Halita mouthwash (chlorhexidine 0.05% + cetylpyridinium chloride 0.05% + zinc lactate 0.14%) vs Placebo mouthwash Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), halimeter · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced… · 2 weeks Interventions for managing halitosis (2019) · Cochrane | MD -188.0 [-308.29, -67.71] | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |