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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Every word you type has to appear somewhere in the question, and the closest matches are ranked first.
10,375 questions in 429 reviews · Oral Health
current versionsNo studies 1,344 · 13%Ungraded 6,832 · 65.9%Very low 1,228 · 11.8%Low 613 · 5.9%Moderate 290 · 2.8%High 68 · 0.7%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Caries experience measurement (mean D(M)FS, enamel lesions included) vs None (descriptive prevalence review; subgroup analyses only) Caries experience (mean DMFS) · European adolescents aged 12–19 years Dental caries at enamel and dentine level among European adolescents - a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2022) | MEAN 5.93 [4.82, 7.28] | 14 studies · 17658 participants | Ungraded |
Fluoride-containing dental care products, primarily toothpaste vs Dietary fluoride sources in high-fluoridated areas Contribution to total daily fluoride intake · Children · High fluoride in water (0.78-1.5 mg/L) Fluoride Intake Through Dental Care Products: A Systematic Review. (2022) | Mean percentage contribution 41 | 8 studies | Ungraded |
Living with HIV and undergoing antiretroviral therapy (ART/HAART) vs Healthy HIV-negative controls Mucocele · Children and adolescents (<18 years) · Cross-sectional (case-control; single time point) Oral Health Status of Children and Adolescents Living with HIV Undergoing Antiretroviral Therapy: A… (2022) | OR 3.03 [0.12, 75.37] | 1 study · 190 participants | Ungraded |
Autopolymerised sealant vs Light polymerised sealant Adverse events · Children with sound primary molars, aged 2-4 years (municipal dental clinics or hospital paediatric clinics, Denmark) Sealants for preventing dental caries in primary teeth (2022) · Cochrane | No studies reported this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
Ion-releasing glass ionomer cement (GIC) restorations vs Resin composite restorations Secondary caries · Patients with permanent dentition in need of restorations · 1 year, All types of cavities Secondary caries and marginal adaptation of ion-releasing versus resin composite restorations: a systematic… (2022) | RD -0.00 [-0.01, 0.01] | 12 studies · 1677 participants | Low |
Flowable resin composite vs Fluoride-releasing resin-based sealant Adverse events · Children who were regular dental attenders with caries-free first or second primary molars (public health service… Sealants for preventing dental caries in primary teeth (2022) · Cochrane | No studies reported this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
Prior SDF application with a rinsing step vs No prior SDF application (untreated dentin control) Immediate bond strength (MPa) · Glass-ionomer cement bonded to caries-affected dentin (in vitro) · Immediate bond strength, Caries-affected dentin (with rinsing step) Bonding of Glass-Ionomer Cement and Adhesives to Silver Diamine Fluoride-treated Dentin: An Updated… (2022) | MD -0.36 [-1.07, 0.35] | 5 studies · 178 participants | Ungraded |
Prior application of silver diamine fluoride (SDF), with or without a rinsing step vs No prior SDF application (untreated dentin control) Immediate bond strength (MPa) · Glass-ionomer cement bonded to dentin (in vitro), sound or caries-affected · Immediate bond strength, Overall (all dentin conditions and rinsing protocols) Bonding of Glass-Ionomer Cement and Adhesives to Silver Diamine Fluoride-treated Dentin: An Updated… (2022) | MD -0.11 [-0.54, 0.31] | 11 studies · 583 participants | Ungraded |
Restorative materials placed by atraumatic restorative treatment (ART); mostly high-viscosity/conventional GIC, also RMGIC, glass carbomer, compomer, composite resin vs Different ART materials or application techniques (e.g., bilayer vs single-step, with vs without cavity conditioner/disinfectant), or composite resin Treatment failure (annual failure rate) · Children with carious primary teeth treated by atraumatic restorative treatment (hand-instrument caries removal), no… · 12-48 months, Restorative technique (ART) Clinical effectiveness of restorative materials for the restoration of carious primary teeth without pulp… (2022) | Annual failure rate (%) 1.2-37.1% | 10 studies | Ungraded |
Caries severity measurement (mean number of decayed, missing and filled permanent teeth, DMFT; WHO criteria) vs None (descriptive prevalence review; subgroup analyses by urban/rural status, country and year) Caries severity (mean DMFT) · 12-year-old children (permanent dentition) in Africa · Data collection period: >2015 Prevalence of dental caries in the permanent dentition amongst 12-year-olds in Africa: a systematic review… (2022) | MEAN 1.802 [1.492, 2.111] | 6 studies | Ungraded |
Behaviour change / oral health promotion interventions delivered by non-dental professionals and health workers (nurses, midwives, health visitors, community health workers) vs Control (usual care, no intervention, or comparison group) Caries experience at the surface level (dmfs/defs) · Children (mean age newborn to ~5.2 years) and their parents/carers The effectiveness of behaviour change interventions delivered by non-dental health workers in promoting… (2022) | SMD -0.15 [-0.25, -0.04] | 12 studies | Ungraded |
Delicate surgery and wound closure by primary intention vs Non-traumatic tooth avulsion and wound closure by secondary intention Rate of complications and side effects of the intervention · People treated with oral bisphosphonates undergoing dental extractions (at risk of MRONJ) Interventions for managing medication‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw (2022) · Cochrane | No intraoperative complications were observed in either of the two groups. | 1 study · 700 participants | Ungraded |
Dental caries (carious oral microbiome) vs Caries-free / healthy oral microbiome Alpha diversity (Shannon) · Children providing oral (saliva/supragingival plaque) 16S rRNA microbiome samples · Children Meta-analysis of caries microbiome studies can improve upon disease prediction outcomes. (2022) | In children, the Shannon alpha-diversity index differed significantly between caries and health (p < 0.001). | NR | Ungraded |
Visual or visual-tactile classification (e.g., ICDAS, ERK) vs Reference standard (histology, operative excavation, or enhanced visual examination) Sensitivity for detecting enamel caries · Asymptomatic children or adults suspected of enamel caries (clinical studies); extracted teeth (in vitro studies) · Analysis 2: network meta-analysis (all studies evaluating >=2 index tests) Enamel Caries Detection and Diagnosis: An Analysis of Systematic Reviews. (2022) | Sensitivity 0.83 [0.77, 0.87] | 64 studies · 24567 participants | Low |
Dentinal caries in primary dentition (at 5 years) vs Caries-free primary dentition Dentinal caries in permanent (newly erupted) teeth · School children and adolescents (6-18 years) followed from primary dentition (baseline examination before 72 months of… · 7-year follow-up, Dentinal caries in primary dentition Does Early Childhood Caries Increase Caries Development among School Children and Adolescents? A Systematic… (2022) | OR 3.2 [2.6, 3.9] | 1 study · 3282 participants | Ungraded |
Dental caries (carious oral microbiome) vs Caries-free / healthy oral microbiome Discrimination of caries vs health (random forest ROC-AUC) · Individuals providing oral (saliva/supragingival plaque) 16S rRNA microbiome samples; 2016 samples from 19 studies… Meta-analysis of caries microbiome studies can improve upon disease prediction outcomes. (2022) | AUC 0.75 | 19 studies · 2016 participants | Ungraded |
Chlorhexidine (CHX) vs Boric acid Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · assistant level Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | MD -8.03 [-9.65, -6.41] | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Glass ionomer-based sealant vs No sealant Retention of sealant (complete or partial retention) · Children with caries-free primary first molars (with or without caries on other teeth), aged 1-5 years (paediatric… · 6-30 months Sealants for preventing dental caries in primary teeth (2022) · Cochrane | Chadwick 2005: one or more sealants fully/partially retained in 69 (31.2%) children at 12-30 months; Joshi 2019: at 12 months 75 (43.6%) teeth completely retained, 58 (33.7%) partially retained, 39 (22.7%) completely… | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Hall Technique preformed metal crowns vs Conventional restorations (amalgam, GIC, composite) Discomfort during treatment · Children (3-10 years) with dentine caries in primary molars · During treatment Minimal intervention dentistry for managing carious lesions into dentine in primary teeth: an umbrella review. (2022) | RR 1.67 [0.65, 4.25] | 2 studies | Ungraded |
HVGIC vs Composite resin Restoration failure · Children with carious primary teeth · 3 years, Class II Clinical effectiveness of restorative materials for the restoration of carious primary teeth without pulp… (2022) | Annual failure rate (%) HVGIC 6.1%; composite resin 1.7% | 1 study · 87 participants | Ungraded |
Preformed metal crown (PMC) vs Resin-modified glass-ionomer cement + composite resin (modified open-sandwich restoration) Treatment failure (annual failure rate) · Children with carious primary molars treated by pulpotomy (vital pulp therapy) · 2 years, PMC arm Clinical effectiveness of restorative materials for the restoration of carious lesions in pulp treated… (2022) | AFR 2.5 | 1 study · 87 participants | Ungraded |
Antiretroviral therapy (any, including cART) vs No antiretroviral medication (treatment-naive) Mucocele prevalence · Children and adolescents (<18 years) living with HIV (CLWH) Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy on Oral Health among Children Living with HIV: A Systematic Review and… (2022) | OR 0.02 [0.00, 1.09] | NR | Very low |
HVGIC Fuji IX vs HVGIC Amalgomer CR Restoration failure · Children with carious primary teeth · 1 year, ART; Class I and II Clinical effectiveness of restorative materials for the restoration of carious primary teeth without pulp… (2022) | Annual failure rate (%) Fuji IX 9.0%; Amalgomer CR 4.0% (cumulative) | 1 study · 100 participants | Ungraded |
Antibiotic prophylaxis before dental procedure vs No antibiotic prophylaxis or placebo Mortality or serious adverse events requiring hospitalisation · Adults or children at increased risk of bacterial endocarditis (pre-existing cardiac condition) undergoing an invasive… Antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing bacterial endocarditis following dental procedures (2022) · Cochrane | Mortality or serious adverse events requiring hospitalisation | No data reported | 248 (1 study) | - | - | 0 studies | No studies |
Machine-learning algorithms for dental caries detection vs Different machine-learning algorithms for caries prediction Dental caries detection accuracy · Dental images of human beings · Zanella-Calzada et al., 2018; ANN Uses of Different Machine Learning Algorithms for Diagnosis of Dental Caries. (2022) | Accuracy 69 | 1 study · 189 participants | Ungraded |
Single-visit root canal treatment vs Multiple-visit root canal treatment (two or more visits) Pain at two weeks (postobturation) · People aged 10 years or above requiring root canal treatment; permanent teeth with completely formed apex and without… · Two weeks postobturation Single versus multiple visits for endodontic treatment of permanent teeth (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.56 [0.07, 4.69] | 2 studies · 288 participants | Ungraded |
Dental caries assessment (WHO/clinical diagnostic criteria; caries = DMFT>0) vs None (descriptive prevalence review; subgroup analyses by urban/rural status, country and year) Caries prevalence · 12-year-old children (permanent dentition) in Africa Prevalence of dental caries in the permanent dentition amongst 12-year-olds in Africa: a systematic review… (2022) | Prevalence 0.36 [0.294, 0.417] | 25 studies · 18080 participants | Ungraded |
Dental caries (early childhood caries, ECC) vs Caries-free controls Relative abundance of Veillonella spp. · Children with early childhood caries (ECC) and caries-free children · Overall (all sample types) Meta-Analysis Using NGS Data: The Veillonella Species in Dental Caries. (2022) | MD 2.22 [0.54, 3.90] | 6 studies · 319 participants | Very low |
HVGIC with chlorhexidine cavity disinfectant vs HVGIC without cavity disinfectant Restoration failure · Children with carious primary teeth · 2 years, ART; Class I and II Clinical effectiveness of restorative materials for the restoration of carious primary teeth without pulp… (2022) | Annual failure rate (%) without disinfectant 9.1%; with disinfectant 11.1% (cumulative) | 1 study · 126 participants | Ungraded |
Tempered cetylpyridinium chloride vs Cold cetylpyridinium chloride Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · assistant level Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | MD -8.6 [-14.7, -2.5] | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Ion-releasing restoration, glass ionomer-based (conventional GIC, HV-GIC, RMGIC, glass hybrid) vs Resin composite restoration Secondary caries (caries around restorations), all cavity types · Patients with permanent dentition in need of restorations (all cavity types: Black's Class I, II, V, and non-carious… · 3 years Secondary caries and marginal adaptation of ion-releasing versus resin composite restorations: a systematic… (2022) | RD 0.00 [-0.02, 0.02] | 3 studies · 321 participants | Low |
Autofluorescence-guided bone surgery vs Conventional bone surgery Healing of MRONJ · People with established (manifest) MRONJ · 1 year Interventions for managing medication‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.85, 1.37] | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Common genetic variants genome-wide (GWAS; ~3.9 million SNPs with MAF > 5%) vs ECC-unaffected children (per-allele case-control association) Early childhood caries (ECC) - association at lead SNP rs1044956 (7:24854765; nearest gene(s) OSBPL3, NPVF) · Children up to age 5-6 years (European / European non-Hispanic ancestry); 843 ECC-affected vs 2124 unaffected across 5… · Cross-sectional (ECC ascertained at the last dental exam before age 6), rs1044956 (7:24854765); effect/non-effect allele A/G; MAF 0.49; direction across 5 cohorts +++++ Association of Early Childhood Caries with Bitter Taste Receptors: A Meta-Analysis of Genome-Wide… (2022) | Z-score (Stouffer's combined Z, 5 cohorts) 4.551 | 5 studies · 2974 participants | Ungraded |
Chlorhexidine (CHX) vs Povidone iodine Reduction in level of contamination by particles <=5 um (droplet nuclei) at >=2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · droplet nuclei; aerobic cultures (9 feet behind patient) Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | MD 0.2 [-7.28, 7.68] | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
Caries assessment at dentine threshold (cavitation into dentine) vs None (descriptive prevalence review; subgroup analyses only) Caries prevalence · European adolescents aged 12–19 years · Publication year: ≥ 2010 Dental caries at enamel and dentine level among European adolescents - a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2022) | Prevalence 0.51 [0.36, 0.66] | 11 studies | Ungraded |
Dental caries assessment (WHO/clinical diagnostic criteria; caries = DMFT>0) vs None (descriptive prevalence review; subgroup analyses by urban/rural status, country and year) Caries prevalence · 12-year-old children (permanent dentition) in Africa · Setting: Rural Prevalence of dental caries in the permanent dentition amongst 12-year-olds in Africa: a systematic review… (2022) | Prevalence 0.314 [0.186, 0.443] | 10 studies | Ungraded |
Food and nonalcoholic beverage marketing (exposure) vs No, less, or less powerful food marketing Food intake · Children and adolescents aged 0-19 years · Immediate/short-term (post-exposure), Nonrandomized studies Association of Food and Nonalcoholic Beverage Marketing With Children and Adolescents' Eating Behaviors and… (2022) | SMD 0.34 [0.12, 0.57] | 11 studies · 8436 participants | Very low |
Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) vs No antiretroviral medication (treatment-naive) Oral candidiasis prevalence · Children and adolescents (<18 years) living with HIV (CLWH) · cART Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy on Oral Health among Children Living with HIV: A Systematic Review and… (2022) | OR 0.35 [0.24, 0.51] | NR | Very low |
Primary school-based interventions (one or more of: school health policy, oral health education, healthy school environment, access to oral health services, community involvement) vs No intervention or usual practice/activities Dental caries measured by DMFT scores · Primary school children (aged 3-16 years) attending primary school in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) · Post-intervention; follow-up varied across studies (interventions ranged from <2 years to >=2 years and longer), Age 8-15 years Effectiveness of primary school-based interventions in improving oral health of children in low- and… (2022) | SMD -0.41 [-0.50, -0.32] | NR | Ungraded |
Autopolymerised sealant vs Light polymerised sealant Retention of sealant (complete or partial retention) · Children with sound primary molars, aged 2-4 years (municipal dental clinics or hospital paediatric clinics, Denmark) · 24-36 months Sealants for preventing dental caries in primary teeth (2022) · Cochrane | OR 0.68 [0.33, 1.44] | 1 study · 52 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Caries experience - % with caries (descriptive), primary dentition · CL/P vs no CL/P; Table 4 (7 groups/6 studies) Caries in children with and without orofacial clefting: A systematic review and meta-analysis. (2022) | % caries experience CL/P 64.84% vs no CL/P 52.13% | 6 studies | Ungraded |
Fluoride-releasing resin-based sealant vs No sealant (no treatment) Retention of sealant (complete or partial retention) · Children with caries-free or non-cavitated carious lesion primary molars, aged 3-7 years (paediatric department,… · 12-24 months Sealants for preventing dental caries in primary teeth (2022) · Cochrane | At 12 months, sealants on 96 (70.1%) surfaces completely retained, 25 (18.3%) partially retained, 16 (11.6%) completely lost; at 24 months, 58 (45.3%) completely retained, 29 (22.7%) partially retained, 41 (32%)… | 1 study | Ungraded |
Monotherapy or dual antiretroviral therapy vs No antiretroviral medication (treatment-naive) Oral candidiasis prevalence · Children and adolescents (<18 years) living with HIV (CLWH) · monotherapy or dual therapy Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy on Oral Health among Children Living with HIV: A Systematic Review and… (2022) | No significant difference in oral candidiasis prevalence was found between treatment-naive CLWH and those under monotherapy or dual therapy (no numeric estimate reported in the text). | NR | Very low |
Referral letter based on the common-sense model (CSM) of self-regulation vs Standard referral letter Proportion of children with treated/untreated caries (receipt of dental care) · School children, primary schools in the USA · mean 8 months School dental screening programmes for oral health (2022) · Cochrane | OR 0.97 [0.62, 1.51] | 1 study · 388 participants | Very low |
Fluoride-releasing resin-based sealant vs No sealant (no treatment) Adverse events · Children with caries-free or non-cavitated carious lesion primary molars, aged 3-7 years (paediatric department,… Sealants for preventing dental caries in primary teeth (2022) · Cochrane | No studies reported this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
Amalgam vs Conventional GIC Restoration failure · Children with carious primary teeth · 5 years, Class I and II Clinical effectiveness of restorative materials for the restoration of carious primary teeth without pulp… (2022) | Annual failure rate (%) amalgam 4.4%; conventional GIC 7.6% | 1 study · 76 participants | Ungraded |
Common genetic variants genome-wide (GWAS; ~3.9 million SNPs with MAF > 5%) vs ECC-unaffected children (per-allele case-control association) Early childhood caries (ECC) - association at lead SNP rs9889096 (16:13575143; nearest gene(s) SHISA9) · Children up to age 5-6 years (European / European non-Hispanic ancestry); 843 ECC-affected vs 2124 unaffected across 5… · Cross-sectional (ECC ascertained at the last dental exam before age 6), rs9889096 (16:13575143); effect/non-effect allele T/G; MAF 0.50; direction across 5 cohorts --+-- Association of Early Childhood Caries with Bitter Taste Receptors: A Meta-Analysis of Genome-Wide… (2022) | Z-score (Stouffer's combined Z, 5 cohorts) -4.541 | 5 studies · 2974 participants | Ungraded |
Flowable resin composite vs Fluoride-releasing resin-based sealant Progression of non-cavitated enamel caries · Children who were regular dental attenders with caries-free first or second primary molars (public health service… Sealants for preventing dental caries in primary teeth (2022) · Cochrane | No studies reported this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
Povidone iodine 1% vs Control Presence of dry socket · Adults (>18 years) having permanent tooth extraction (predominantly mandibular third molars) · Follow-up: median 7 days Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.36 [0.14, 0.98] | 1 study · 189 participants | Ungraded |
Criteria-based screening with specific (personalised) referral letter vs Criteria-based screening with non-specific referral letter Dental attendance at orthodontist · School children, secondary school in the UK (aged 11 to 13 years) · mean 8 months School dental screening programmes for oral health (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.90 [1.18, 3.06] | 1 study · 201 participants | Very low |