Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Every word you type has to appear somewhere in the question, and the closest matches are ranked first.
10,375 questions in 429 reviews · Oral Health
current versionsNo studies 1,344 · 13%Ungraded 6,832 · 65.9%Very low 1,228 · 11.8%Low 613 · 5.9%Moderate 290 · 2.8%High 68 · 0.7%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) vs Alternative (active) treatment (e.g. oral splint, medication, self-care or disease management) Psychological distress at follow-up · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer · Follow-up Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | SMD -0.32 [-0.51, -0.13] | 6 studies · 516 participants | Low |
Pulpotomy with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) vs Pulpotomy with Calcium Enriched Mixture (CEM) Clinical and radiographic success rate (>=6 months) · Human permanent teeth with irreversible pulpitis due to carious pulp exposure · >=6 months, Pulp capping material: MTA vs CEM Outcome of pulpotomy in permanent teeth with irreversible pulpitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2022) | MTA was not significantly superior to CEM (no significant difference; Supplementary Table S5, not available). | NR | Ungraded |
Caries assessment at enamel threshold vs None Caries prevalence · European adolescents aged 12 years · Exact age Dental caries at enamel and dentine level among European adolescents - a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2022) | Prevalence 0.69 [0.49, 0.90] | 13 studies | Ungraded |
Periodontal treatment (subgingival instrumentation, with or without antimicrobials/surgery) vs No active intervention/usual care Gingival index (GI) · People with diabetes mellitus (type 1 or type 2, mostly type 2) and periodontitis, at least 16 years of age · 3-4 months Treatment of periodontitis for glycaemic control in people with diabetes mellitus (2022) · Cochrane | SMD -1.75 [-2.27, -1.24] | 12 studies | Ungraded |
Caries assessment at dentine threshold (cavitation into dentine) vs None (descriptive prevalence review; subgroup analyses only) Caries prevalence · European adolescents aged 12–19 years · Region: Scandinavian Dental caries at enamel and dentine level among European adolescents - a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2022) | Prevalence 0.49 [0.32, 0.67] | 9 studies | Ungraded |
Cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) vs No cleft lip and/or palate (non-CL/P) Caries experience in the primary dentition (dmft/dmfs/dfs/deft/ds; pooled as standardized mean difference) · Children in the primary dentition with non-syndromic cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) and comparable children without CL/P · Primary and mixed dentition Caries in children with and without orofacial clefting: A systematic review and meta-analysis. (2022) | SMD 0.09 [-0.59, 0.76] | 5 studies · 708 participants | Ungraded |
Transillumination and OCT vs Reference standard (histology, operative excavation, or enhanced visual examination) Specificity for detecting enamel caries · Asymptomatic children or adults suspected of enamel caries (clinical studies); extracted teeth (in vitro studies) · Analysis 2: network meta-analysis (all studies evaluating >=2 index tests) Enamel Caries Detection and Diagnosis: An Analysis of Systematic Reviews. (2022) | Specificity 0.82 [0.68, 0.91] | 64 studies · 24567 participants | Low |
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) vs Usual care, waiting list or no treatment (control) Adverse events · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | Only 1 study reported adverse events as an outcome (Litt 2010): it found worsening symptoms in 13 people treated with an oral splint (as part of standard treatment) and 4 people treated with CBT. | 1 study · 101 participants | Very low |
Chlorhexidine (CHX) vs Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · tempered CHX vs cold CPC; operator level Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | MD -11.5 [-18.37, -4.63] | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
CD4+ T-cell count below 250 cells/mm3 HIV-related oral lesions · Children living with HIV receiving ART · CD4+ T-cell count below 250 cells/mm3 Oral Health Status of Children and Adolescents Living with HIV Undergoing Antiretroviral Therapy: A… (2022) | OR 1.916 [0.613, 2.513] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Prior application of silver diamine fluoride (SDF), with or without a rinsing step vs No prior SDF application (untreated dentin control) Immediate bond strength (MPa) · Dental adhesives/resin composite bonded to dentin (in vitro), sound or caries-affected · Immediate bond strength, Overall (all dentin conditions and rinsing protocols) Bonding of Glass-Ionomer Cement and Adhesives to Silver Diamine Fluoride-treated Dentin: An Updated… (2022) | MD 7.12 [1.38, 12.85] | 11 studies · 526 participants | Ungraded |
Primary school-based interventions (one or more of: school health policy, oral health education, healthy school environment, access to oral health services, community involvement) vs No intervention or usual practice/activities Oral hygiene measured by mean gingival scores · Primary school children (aged 3-16 years) attending primary school in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) · Post-intervention; follow-up varied across studies (interventions ranged from <2 years to >=2 years and longer) Effectiveness of primary school-based interventions in improving oral health of children in low- and… (2022) | SMD 0.12 [-0.32, 0.55] | 3 studies · 1573 participants | Very low |
Caries severity measurement (mean number of decayed, missing and filled permanent teeth, DMFT; WHO criteria) vs None (descriptive prevalence review; subgroup analyses by urban/rural status, country and year) Caries severity (mean DMFT) · 12-year-old children (permanent dentition) in Africa · Country: Libya Prevalence of dental caries in the permanent dentition amongst 12-year-olds in Africa: a systematic review… (2022) | MEAN 2.11 [1.178, 3.038] | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Chlorhexidine (CHX) vs Essential oils/herbal mouthwash Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · pharynx level (patient level; not analysed) Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | Bay 1993 compared 0.12% CHX with essential oil mouthwash C (Listerine) at pharynx level (Andersen's level 2), which was considered patient level and hence was not analysed. No pooled estimate or GRADE rating. | 1 study | Ungraded |
Primary school-based interventions (one or more of: school health policy, oral health education, healthy school environment, access to oral health services, community involvement) vs No intervention or usual practice/activities Dental caries measured by DMFT scores · Primary school children (aged 3-16 years) attending primary school in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) · Post-intervention; follow-up varied across studies (interventions ranged from <2 years to >=2 years and longer), Age 6-8 years Effectiveness of primary school-based interventions in improving oral health of children in low- and… (2022) | SMD -0.11 [-0.17, -0.04] | NR | Ungraded |
Caries severity measurement (mean number of decayed, missing and filled permanent teeth, DMFT; WHO criteria) vs None (descriptive prevalence review; subgroup analyses by urban/rural status, country and year) Caries severity (mean DMFT) · 12-year-old children (permanent dentition) in Africa · Setting: Urban Prevalence of dental caries in the permanent dentition amongst 12-year-olds in Africa: a systematic review… (2022) | MEAN 1.325 [0.974, 1.675] | 10 studies | Ungraded |
Scaling and root planing (SRP) plus antibiotics (amoxicillin and metronidazole) vs Supragingival scaling (plus placebo) Adverse events due to periodontal therapy · People with periodontitis and metabolic syndrome (no CVD; primary prevention) · 12 months Periodontal therapy for primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease in people with periodontitis (2022) · Cochrane | Peto OR 0.14 [0.00, 6.90] | 1 study · 165 participants | Very low |
Fluorescence-based devices vs Reference standard (histology, operative excavation, or enhanced visual examination) Specificity for detecting enamel caries · Asymptomatic children or adults suspected of enamel caries (clinical studies); extracted teeth (in vitro studies) · Analysis 1: fully within-person comparison (studies evaluating >=3 index tests) Enamel Caries Detection and Diagnosis: An Analysis of Systematic Reviews. (2022) | Specificity 0.88 [0.78, 0.94] | 19 studies · 2849 participants | Ungraded |
Plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) vs Alvogyl Exposed bone (present versus absent) · Adults (>18 years) with established dry socket following permanent tooth extraction · Day 7 (also day 3) Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | PRGF versus Alvogyl (King 2018), exposed bone (% patients): day 3 PRGF 9.1% vs Alvogyl 9.1%; day 7 PRGF 0% vs Alvogyl 22.7% (P<0.05 at day 7) | 1 study · 44 participants | Ungraded |
Single-visit root canal treatment vs Multiple-visit root canal treatment (two or more visits) Postoperative pain in the immediate postobturation period (up to 72 hours) · People aged 10 years or above requiring root canal treatment; permanent teeth with completely formed apex and without… · Up to 72 hours postobturation Single versus multiple visits for endodontic treatment of permanent teeth (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.81, 1.16] | 12 studies · 1329 participants | Low |
Machine-learning algorithms for dental caries detection vs Different machine-learning algorithms for caries prediction Caries detection accuracy in unrestored molars and premolars · Dental images of human beings · Duong et al., 2021; support vector machine Uses of Different Machine Learning Algorithms for Diagnosis of Dental Caries. (2022) | Accuracy 92.37 | 1 study · 620 participants | Ungraded |
Prefabricated zirconia crowns (e.g., NuSmile, Zirkiz, Kinder Krown) vs Other crowns/restorations (stainless steel crowns, pre-veneered SSC, resin composite strip crowns, glass-fiber composite crowns) Recurrent caries (crowns free of recurrent caries) · Children with primary (deciduous) teeth requiring full-coverage crown restoration · 6 months Zirconia Crowns for Primary Teeth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses. (2022) | RR 1.00 [0.97, 1.03] | 2 studies · 205 participants | Ungraded |
Boric acid vs Water Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · operator level Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | MD -29.3 [-32.65, -25.95] | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Fluoride-containing dental care products (mainly fluoride toothpaste) vs Dietary fluoride sources (drinking water, beverages, food) Contribution of dental care products to total daily fluoride intake (TDFI), by tap-water fluoride level · Adults using fluoride-containing dental care products (two included studies [28,47]; aged 20-35) · Habitual daily intake, Poor-fluoridated tap water (<0.3 mg/L) Fluoride Intake Through Dental Care Products: A Systematic Review. (2022) | Mean contribution to TDFI (%) 12 | 1 study | Ungraded |
Single-visit root canal treatment vs Multiple-visit root canal treatment (two or more visits) Tooth extraction due to endodontic problems · People aged 10 years or above requiring root canal treatment; permanent teeth with completely formed apex and without… Single versus multiple visits for endodontic treatment of permanent teeth (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.46 [0.09, 2.50] | 2 studies · 402 participants | Very low |
Antiretroviral therapy (any, including cART) vs No antiretroviral medication (treatment-naive) Acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis prevalence · Children and adolescents (<18 years) living with HIV (CLWH) Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy on Oral Health among Children Living with HIV: A Systematic Review and… (2022) | OR 0.00 [0.00, 0.02] | NR | Very low |
Amalgam vs Resin-modified GIC Restoration failure · Children with carious primary teeth · 1 year, Class II Clinical effectiveness of restorative materials for the restoration of carious primary teeth without pulp… (2022) | Annual failure rate (%) amalgam 28.0%; RMGIC 16.9% | 1 study · 120 participants | Ungraded |
Visual or visual-tactile classification (e.g., ICDAS, ERK) vs Reference standard (histology, operative excavation, or enhanced visual examination) Specificity for detecting enamel caries · Asymptomatic children or adults suspected of enamel caries (clinical studies); extracted teeth (in vitro studies) · Analysis 2: network meta-analysis (all studies evaluating >=2 index tests) Enamel Caries Detection and Diagnosis: An Analysis of Systematic Reviews. (2022) | Specificity 0.81 [0.73, 0.87] | 64 studies · 24567 participants | Low |
Alvogyl vs SaliCept (acemannan hydrogel) Pain (VAS) · Adults (>18 years) with established dry socket following permanent tooth extraction Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | Alvogyl versus SaliCept (acemannan hydrogel) (Kaya 2011): data not usable (medians presented with error bars). Text reports differences in clinical signs and symptoms between control and all 3 treatment groups… | 1 study | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Difference in summary sensitivity (NMA, Analysis 2) · Imaging vs Transillumination Enamel Caries Detection and Diagnosis: An Analysis of Systematic Reviews. (2022) | Sensitivity difference (95% CrI) -0.27 [-0.40, -0.12] | NR | Ungraded |
Dental extraction protocol with plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) inserted into the postextraction alveolus vs Standard dental extraction protocol without PRGF Rate of complications and side effects of the intervention · People with cancer treated with intravenous bisphosphonates undergoing dental extractions (at risk of MRONJ) · 24 to 60 months Interventions for managing medication‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw (2022) · Cochrane | No intraoperative complications were observed in either of the groups. | 1 study · 176 participants | Ungraded |
Primary school-based interventions (one or more of: school health policy, oral health education, healthy school environment, access to oral health services, community involvement) vs No intervention or usual practice/activities Dental caries measured by net increment in DMFS scores · Primary school children (aged 3-16 years) attending primary school in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) · Post-intervention; follow-up varied across studies (interventions ranged from <2 years to >=2 years and longer), Intervention type: oral health education Effectiveness of primary school-based interventions in improving oral health of children in low- and… (2022) | SMD -1.05 [-2.03, -0.08] | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Living with HIV and undergoing antiretroviral therapy (ART/HAART) vs Healthy HIV-negative controls Recurrent oral ulcerations (WHO clinical stage 2) · Children and adolescents (<18 years) · Cross-sectional (case-control; single time point) Oral Health Status of Children and Adolescents Living with HIV Undergoing Antiretroviral Therapy: A… (2022) | OR 6.83 [1.18, 39.53] | 3 studies · 284 participants | Ungraded |
Periodontal treatment (subgingival instrumentation, with or without antimicrobials/surgery) vs No active intervention/usual care HbA1c (glycated haemoglobin), change · People with diabetes mellitus (type 1 or type 2, mostly type 2) and periodontitis, at least 16 years of age · 3-4 months Treatment of periodontitis for glycaemic control in people with diabetes mellitus (2022) · Cochrane | MD -0.43 [-0.59, -0.28] | 30 studies · 2443 participants | Moderate |
Bulk-fill composite resin with 15-second dentine etching vs Bulk-fill composite resin with 7-second dentine etching Restoration failure · Children with carious primary teeth · 1.5 years Clinical effectiveness of restorative materials for the restoration of carious primary teeth without pulp… (2022) | Annual failure rate (%) 15 s 16.9%; 7 s 5.8% | 1 study · 62 participants | Ungraded |
Full-mouth scaling (FMS): scaling/root planing (subgingival instrumentation) of all quadrants within 24 hours, without antiseptic vs Quadrant scaling and root planing (control): SRP of each quadrant in separate sessions at least one week apart Change in probing pocket depth (PPD) · Adults with a clinical diagnosis of (chronic) periodontitis (1999 classification); studies of aggressive… · 6 to 8 months (SoF); similar at 3 to 4 months Full‐mouth treatment modalities (within 24 hours) for periodontitis in adults (2022) · Cochrane | MD 0.03 [-0.14, 0.20] | 5 studies · 148 participants | Low |
Caries distribution assessment (individual, tooth and surface levels) vs None (descriptive prevalence review; subgroup analyses only) Caries distribution (individual/tooth/surface level) · European adolescents aged 12–19 years Dental caries at enamel and dentine level among European adolescents - a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2022) | No meta-analysis possible; caries distribution reported narratively from 11 studies as skewed at individual, tooth and surface levels, changing with age at tooth and surface level (Results – Caries distribution). | 11 studies | Ungraded |
Living with HIV and undergoing antiretroviral therapy (ART/HAART) vs Healthy HIV-negative controls Periodontal disease (gingivitis/periodontitis) · Children and adolescents (<18 years) · Cross-sectional (case-control; single time point) Oral Health Status of Children and Adolescents Living with HIV Undergoing Antiretroviral Therapy: A… (2022) | OR 3.11 [1.62, 5.97] | 2 studies · 250 participants | Ungraded |
Combined antiretroviral therapy (post-cART) vs Pre-cART (same children, before therapy) Oral candidiasis prevalence · Children and adolescents (<18 years) living with HIV (CLWH) · After vs before cART (within-person), post-cART vs pre-cART Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy on Oral Health among Children Living with HIV: A Systematic Review and… (2022) | OR 0.19 [0.15, 0.25] | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Food purchasing · Vote counting by direction of effect; unclear association of public health harm Association of Food and Nonalcoholic Beverage Marketing With Children and Adolescents' Eating Behaviors and… (2022) | Proportion 0.25 [0.013, 0.781] | 4 studies | Ungraded |
Neocone vs Alvogyl Time to complete resolution of pain (days) · Adults (>18 years) with established dry socket following permanent tooth extraction · Complete resolution of pain Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | MD -1.62 [-1.86, -1.38] | 1 study · 78 participants | Ungraded |
Any preprocedural mouth rinse vs Placebo, no rinsing or control Adverse events such as transient discolouration, altered taste, allergic reaction, hypersensitivity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | SoF tables state 'Not reported'; no included study reported adverse events. | 0 studies | No studies |
Primary school-based interventions (one or more of: school health policy, oral health education, healthy school environment, access to oral health services, community involvement) vs No intervention or usual practice/activities Dental caries prevalence measured by dmft or DMFT/S score greater than one · Primary school children (aged 3-16 years) attending primary school in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) · Post-intervention; follow-up varied across studies (interventions ranged from <2 years to >=2 years and longer) Effectiveness of primary school-based interventions in improving oral health of children in low- and… (2022) | RR 0.70 [0.53, 0.94] | 4 studies · 2968 participants | Very low |
Alvogyl vs Zinc oxide eugenol Time to complete resolution of pain (days) · Adults (>18 years) with established dry socket following permanent tooth extraction · Complete resolution of pain Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | MD -2.17 [-2.37, -1.97] | 1 study · 78 participants | Ungraded |
Any preprocedural mouth rinse vs Placebo, no rinsing or control Incidence of infection of dental healthcare providers · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | Primary outcome. Not measured by any of the 17 included studies (SoF tables state 'Not reported'); remained a total evidence gap from the protocol. | 0 studies | No studies |
Scaling and root planing (SRP) plus antibiotics (amoxicillin and metronidazole) vs Supragingival scaling (plus placebo) All cardiovascular events · People with periodontitis and metabolic syndrome (no CVD; primary prevention) · 12 months Periodontal therapy for primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease in people with periodontitis (2022) · Cochrane | Peto OR 7.77 [1.07, 56.1] | 1 study · 165 participants | Very low |
Teriparatide 20 microg daily in addition to standard care vs Placebo in addition to standard care Healing of MRONJ (resolution of lesions) · People with established (manifest) MRONJ · 52 weeks Interventions for managing medication‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.31, 2.95] | 1 study · 33 participants | Low |
Socioeconomic status category vs Children without dental caries Dental caries (association with high SES) · Children (deciduous and/or permanent dentition) in low- and middle-income countries · High SES Individual, Family, and Socioeconomic Contributors to Dental Caries in Children from Low- and Middle-Income… (2022) | OR 1.03 [0.81, 1.31] | 5 studies · 4340 participants | Ungraded |
Caries assessment at enamel threshold vs None Caries experience · European adolescents aged 13 years · Exact age Dental caries at enamel and dentine level among European adolescents - a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2022) | Mean DMFS 1.45 [1.06, 1.98] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Primary school-based interventions (one or more of: school health policy, oral health education, healthy school environment, access to oral health services, community involvement) vs No intervention or usual practice/activities Dental caries measured by net increment in DMFS scores · Primary school children (aged 3-16 years) attending primary school in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) · Post-intervention; follow-up varied across studies (interventions ranged from <2 years to >=2 years and longer), WHO health-promoting-schools framework Effectiveness of primary school-based interventions in improving oral health of children in low- and… (2022) | SMD -0.57 [-1.56, 0.42] | 2 studies | Ungraded |