Withdrawal symptoms · Patients with osteoarthritis of the knee or hip
Oral or transdermal opioids probably leads to higher withdrawal symptoms (median compared with placebo (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Opioids versus TENS
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Percentage of participants not requiring postoperative opioids over initial 72 hours · aged 18 years and older undergoing elective surgery at any surgical site
1 finding from 1 review
Percentage of participants not requiring postoperative opioids over initial 72 hours · aged 18 years and older undergoing elective surgery at any surgical site
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Propacetamol vs opioids · patients with postoperative pain
It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes propacetamol vs opioids (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Percentage of participants not requiring postoperative opioids over initial 72 hours · adults aged ≥ 18 years undergoing elective surgery at any surgical site
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Opioids versus NSAIDs · people undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Number requiring opioids postoperatively · patients with postoperative pain
Clonidine showed no clear difference in number requiring opioids postoperatively compared with fentanyl (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Illicit opioid use · pharmaceutical opioid dependent people
Full opioid agonists showed no clear difference in illicit opioid use compared with different full opioid agonists or partial opioid agonists (methadone… (moderate certainty).
3 findings from 1 review
no estimate extracted
1 study · 129 participants
Moderate
RR 0.81 [0.57, 1.17]
3 studies · 206 participants
Low
RR 0.49 [0.28, 0.86]
3 studies · 165 participants
Low
Retention [ · pharmaceutical opioid dependent people
Full opioid agonists may leads to higher retention compared with different full opioid agonists or partial opioid agonists (methadone… (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse effects · pharmaceutical opioid dependent people
Full opioid agonists showed no clear difference in adverse effects compared with different full opioid agonists or partial opioid agonists (methadone… (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Participants with ≥ 1 vomiting episode · adults receiving intravenous opioids
Prophylactic dopamine antagonist antiemetic medications showed no clear difference in vomiting (≥1 episode) compared with placebo (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Nausea · adults receiving intravenous opioids
Prophylactic dopamine antagonist antiemetic medications showed no clear difference in nausea (≥1 episode) compared with placebo (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse events · adults receiving intravenous opioids
Prophylactic dopamine antagonist antiemetic medications showed no clear difference in adverse events compared with placebo (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Number of vomiting episodes · adults receiving intravenous opioids
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Nausea severity · adults receiving intravenous opioids
1 finding from 1 review
Use of rescue medication · adults receiving intravenous opioids
Prophylactic dopamine antagonist antiemetic medications showed no clear difference in rescue medication compared with placebo (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Relief of pain · children with acute postoperative pain
2 findings from 1 review
no estimate extracted
50 participants
GRADE not reported
no estimate extracted
50 participants
GRADE not reported
Reduction in pain intensity · children with acute postoperative pain
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
0 participants
GRADE not reported
Pain intensity ‐ as reported by child, at 2 to 24 hours № of participants: 300 (3 RCTs) · children with acute postoperative pain
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
1 study · 2 participants
Very low