Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

241 questions · 264 findings · 24 reviews

No studies found 84 · 31.8%GRADE not reported 5 · 1.9%Very low 83 · 31.4%Low 64 · 24.2%Moderate 21 · 8%High 7 · 2.7%

Opioids vs oral sweet solution or non‐pharmacological intervention

Pain, assessed using the CRIES pain scale, ranging from 0 to 10, during the procedure— opioids versus facilitated tucking · procedural pain in neonates
2 findings from 1 review

Opioids vs no opioids

Supplementary analgesic option offered (primary outcome 2) · participants with acute pancreatitis pain

Opioids may leads to lower supplementary analgesic option offered (primary outcome 2) compared with no opioids (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids vs no opioids

Pancreatitis complications (secondary outcome 1) · participants with acute pancreatitis pain

Opioids showed no clear difference in pancreatitis complications (secondary outcome 1) compared with no opioids (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids vs no opioids

Adverse drug events · participants with acute pancreatitis pain

Opioids showed no clear difference in any drug‐related adverse event (secondary outcome 2) compared with no opioids (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids vs no opioids

Nausea and vomiting · participants with acute pancreatitis pain

Opioids showed no clear difference in nausea and vomiting (secondary outcome 2) compared with no opioids (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids vs no opioids

Sedation and somnolence (secondary outcome 2) · participants with acute pancreatitis pain

Opioids showed no clear difference in sedation and somnolence (secondary outcome 2) compared with no opioids (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids vs no opioids

Death from any cause (secondary outcome 3) · participants with acute pancreatitis pain

It is very uncertain whether opioids changes death from any cause (secondary outcome 3) compared with no opioids (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids vs no treatment/placebo

Pain (PIPP) · procedural pain in neonates
3 findings from 1 review

Opioids vs other analgesics

Episodes of apnea · procedural pain in neonates

It is very uncertain whether opioids changes episodes of apnea—during the procedure compared with other analgesics (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids vs other analgesics

Episodes of apnea—after the procedure · procedural pain in neonates

It is very uncertain whether opioids changes episodes of apnea—after the procedure compared with other analgesics (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review