What do systematic reviews say?

Intervention not reported

• Single dose intra‐articular morphine for pain control after knee arthroscopy 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 67 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Single dose intra‐articular morphine for pain control after knee arthroscopy 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 67 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Single dose intra‐articular morphine for pain control after knee arthroscopy 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 67 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Single dose intra‐articular morphine for pain control after knee arthroscopy 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 24 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Single dose intra‐articular morphine for pain control after knee arthroscopy 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Combination of lidocaine intraperitoneal instillation plus intramuscular morphine vs lidocaine intraperitoneal instillation alone

• Interventions for intra‐operative pain relief during postpartum mini‐laparotomy tubal ligation 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Low

Combination of lidocaine intraperitoneal instillation plus intramuscular morphine vs lidocaine intraperitoneal instillation alone

• Interventions for intra‐operative pain relief during postpartum mini‐laparotomy tubal ligation 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Very low

Combination of lidocaine intraperitoneal instillation plus intramuscular morphine vs lidocaine intraperitoneal instillation alone

Combination of lidocaine intraperitoneal instillation plus… showed no clear difference in number of women requiring rescue medication compared with lidocaine intraperitoneal instillation alone (low certainty).

• Interventions for intra‐operative pain relief during postpartum mini‐laparotomy tubal ligation 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.5 [0.1, 2.43]
  Studies not reported
  Low

Combination of lidocaine intraperitoneal instillation plus intramuscular morphine vs placebo

• Interventions for intra‐operative pain relief during postpartum mini‐laparotomy tubal ligation 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Low

Combination of lidocaine intraperitoneal instillation plus intramuscular morphine vs placebo

• Interventions for intra‐operative pain relief during postpartum mini‐laparotomy tubal ligation 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Very low

Combination of lidocaine intraperitoneal instillation plus intramuscular morphine vs placebo

Combination of intraperitoneal lidocaine instillation and… may leads to lower number of women requiring rescue medication compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Interventions for intra‐operative pain relief during postpartum mini‐laparotomy tubal ligation 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.11 [0.03, 0.42]
  Studies not reported
  Low

Cannabis‐based medicines vs placebo medication

Cannabis‐based medicines showed no clear difference in daily maintenance opioid dosage (mg morphine equivalent) compared with placebo medication (low certainty).

• Cannabis‐based medicines and medical cannabis for adults with cancer pain 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  SMD 0.08
  3 studies · 970 participants
  Low

Cannabis‐based medicines vs placebo medication

Cannabis‐based medicines showed no clear difference in daily breakthrough opioid dosage (mg morphine equivalent) compared with placebo medication (moderate certainty).

• Cannabis‐based medicines and medical cannabis for adults with cancer pain 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 957 participants
  Moderate

Helium vs carbon dioxide

It is very uncertain whether helium changes analgesia requirements (morphine mg) compared with carbon dioxide (very low certainty).

• Gases for establishing pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopic abdominal surgery 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  MD 12 [4.44, 19.56]
  1 study · 90 participants
  Very low

Primary health professional‐ and community professional‐led interventions vs enhanced usual care

It is very uncertain whether primary health professional‐ and community professional‐led… changes prevalence of morphine use compared with enhanced usual care (very low certainty).

• Primary‐level worker interventions for the care of people living with mental disorders and distress in low‐ and… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.06 [0.63, 1.8]
  1 study · 173 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Pre‐emptive and preventive NSAIDs for postoperative pain in adults undergoing all types of surgery 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  16 studies · 1323 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Pre‐emptive and preventive NSAIDs for postoperative pain in adults undergoing all types of surgery 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  16 studies · 854 participants
  Low

Music plus analgesia vs placebo plus analgesia

• Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 77 participants
  Low

TENS plus analgesia vs analgesia

• Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 92 participants
  Very low

Warmed, or warmed and humidified CO2 vs unwarmed and unhumidified CO2

• Interventions to reduce shoulder pain following gynaecological laparoscopic procedures 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 95 participants
  Low