What do systematic reviews say?

Adverse events with anti‐gram‐positive antibiotics vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether adverse events with anti‐gram‐positive antibiotics changes any adverse events compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Empirical antibiotics targeting gram‐positive bacteria for the treatment of febrile neutropenic patients with cancer 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.74 [1.5, 2.01]
  9 studies · 1936 participants
  Very low

Probiotics vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Antibiotics vs no treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for preventing diarrhoea‐associated haemolytic uraemic syndrome 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Antibiotics vs placebo or usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Antibiotics vs topical treatments

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes number of participants who experienced any adverse effects related… (very low certainty).

• Antibiotics for infection prevention after excision of the cervical transformation zone 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.69 [0.85, 3.34]
  2 studies · 638 participants
  Very low

LAMA add‐on vs ICS alone

LAMA add‐on showed no clear difference in any adverse events 24 weeks compared with ICS alone (low certainty).

• Long‐acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) versus the same dose of ICS alone for… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.95 [0.8, 1.14]
  5 studies · 2562 participants
  Low

Gastrointestinal adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics vs placebo

Other adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics showed no clear difference in deaths compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics versus placebo for any indication 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.96 [0.87, 1.06]
  52 studies · 216246 participants
  Low

Gastrointestinal adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether other adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics changes cardiac disorders compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics versus placebo for any indication 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.87 [0.54, 1.4]
  7 studies · 1715 participants
  Very low

Gastrointestinal adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics vs placebo

Other adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics showed no clear difference in hearing loss compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics versus placebo for any indication 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.3 [1, 1.7]
  4 studies · 1369 participants
  Low

Gastrointestinal adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics vs placebo

Other adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics may leads to higher taste disturbance compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics versus placebo for any indication 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 4.95 [1.64, 14.93]
  5 studies · 932 participants
  Low

Gastrointestinal adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether other adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics changes hepatobiliary disorders compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics versus placebo for any indication 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.04 [0.27, 4.09]
  4 studies · 443 participants
  Very low

Gastrointestinal adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics vs placebo

Gastrointestinal adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics probably leads to higher gastrointestinal disorders not otherwise specified compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics versus placebo for any indication 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 2.16 [1.56, 3]
  23 studies · 3295 participants
  Moderate

Gastrointestinal adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics vs placebo

Gastrointestinal adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics may leads to higher abdominal pain compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics versus placebo for any indication 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.66 [1.22, 2.26]
  23 studies · 7776 participants
  Low

Gastrointestinal adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics vs placebo

Gastrointestinal adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics may leads to higher diarrhoea compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics versus placebo for any indication 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.7 [1.34, 2.16]
  37 studies · 23754 participants
  Low

Gastrointestinal adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics vs placebo

Gastrointestinal adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics probably leads to higher nausea compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics versus placebo for any indication 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.61 [1.37, 1.9]
  28 studies · 14983 participants
  Moderate

Gastrointestinal adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics vs placebo

Gastrointestinal adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics probably leads to higher vomiting compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics versus placebo for any indication 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.27 [1.04, 1.56]
  15 studies · 5328 participants
  Moderate

Topical mydriatics vs depot delivery systems

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pharmacologic interventions for mydriasis in cataract surgery 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Topical antibiotics vs another topical antibiotic or placebo

• Antibiotic prophylaxis for corneal abrasion 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Very low

School‐based ICS therapy vs home therapy

School‐based ICS therapy showed no clear difference in unscheduled visits 1 or more hospitalisations for any cause WMD of compared with home therapy (low certainty).

• Interventions to improve adherence to inhaled steroids for asthma 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.58 [0.16, 2.05]
  2 studies · 279 participants
  Low