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Search review questions

Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

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Intervention or exposure

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Review versions

2,353 questions in 210 reviews · Neonatal

current versions

No studies 432 · 18.4%Ungraded 99 · 4.2%Very low 609 · 25.9%Low 737 · 31.3%Moderate 385 · 16.4%High 91 · 3.9%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Intervention NR Adverse effects: fever 48 to 72 hours · infants 1 to 6 months of age Vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in infants one to six months of age (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.94 [0.83, 1.07]	3 studies · 3187 participants	Low
Intervention NR Vitamin A deficiency: retinol < 0.7 μmol/L · infants 1 to 6 months of age Vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in infants one to six months of age (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.86 [0.7, 1.06]	4 studies · 1204 participants	Moderate
Co‐bedding vs separate care Rate of weight gain (in grams/kg of baseline weight/d) ‐ average from study entry to week 3 Grams per kilogram per day · stable preterm twins with growth and neurodevelopment promoted Co‐bedding in neonatal nursery for promoting growth and neurodevelopment in stable preterm twins (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 18 participants	Low
Co‐bedding vs separate care Apnea, bradycardia, or desaturation Number of twins with episodes · stable preterm twins with growth and neurodevelopment promoted Co‐bedding in neonatal nursery for promoting growth and neurodevelopment in stable preterm twins (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.85 [0.18, 4.05]	1 study · 124 participants	Low
Co‐bedding vs separate care Episodes in co‐regulated state (out of 20 observations) Episodes observed (out of a total of 20 observations) Scale from 0 to 20 · stable preterm twins with growth and neurodevelopment promoted Co‐bedding in neonatal nursery for promoting growth and neurodevelopment in stable preterm twins (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 6 participants	Very low
Co‐bedding vs separate care Infections ‐ suspected or proven infections (any) Clinical and microbiological methods · stable preterm twins with growth and neurodevelopment promoted Co‐bedding in neonatal nursery for promoting growth and neurodevelopment in stable preterm twins (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.84 [0.3, 2.31]	3 studies · 65 participants	Very low
Co‐bedding vs separate care Length of hospital stay (days) · stable preterm twins with growth and neurodevelopment promoted Co‐bedding in neonatal nursery for promoting growth and neurodevelopment in stable preterm twins (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 6 participants	Very low
Co‐bedding vs separate care Parental satisfaction Parental satisfaction survey Scale from 0 to 55 · stable preterm twins with growth and neurodevelopment promoted Co‐bedding in neonatal nursery for promoting growth and neurodevelopment in stable preterm twins (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 18 participants	Moderate
Co‐bedding vs separate care Neurobehavior: infant pain score following painful procedure ‐ at 30 seconds post heel lance Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) Scale from 0 to 21 · stable preterm twins with growth and neurodevelopment promoted Co‐bedding in neonatal nursery for promoting growth and neurodevelopment in stable preterm twins (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 224 participants	Low
Higher vs lower PUFA intake All allergic disease ‐ infant incidence · infants Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infancy for the prevention of allergy (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.96 [0.73, 1.26]	1 study · 323 participants	Very low
Higher vs lower PUFA intake All allergic disease ‐ childhood prevalence · infants Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infancy for the prevention of allergy (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.98 [0.81, 1.19]	2 studies · 633 participants	Very low
Higher vs lower PUFA intake Asthma ‐ childhood prevalence · infants Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infancy for the prevention of allergy (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.12 [0.82, 1.53]	2 studies · 635 participants	Very low
Higher vs lower PUFA intake Dermatitis/eczema ‐ childhood prevalence · infants Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infancy for the prevention of allergy (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.81 [0.59, 1.09]	2 studies · 635 participants	Very low
Higher vs lower PUFA intake Allergic rhinitis ‐ childhood prevalence · infants Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infancy for the prevention of allergy (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.02 [0.83, 1.25]	2 studies · 635 participants	Very low
Higher vs lower PUFA intake Food allergy ‐ childhood prevalence · infants Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infancy for the prevention of allergy (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.27 [0.06, 1.19]	1 study · 119 participants	Very low
Higher vs lower PUFA intake Asthma ‐ infant incidence · infants Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infancy for the prevention of allergy (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.04 [0.8, 1.35]	3 studies · 1162 participants	Low
Higher vs lower PUFA intake Dermatitis/eczema ‐ infant incidence · infants Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infancy for the prevention of allergy (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.93 [0.82, 1.06]	7 studies · 1906 participants	Very low
Higher vs lower PUFA intake Allergic rhinitis ‐ infant incidence · infants Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infancy for the prevention of allergy (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.47 [0.23, 0.96]	2 studies · 594 participants	Very low
Higher vs lower PUFA intake Food allergy ‐ infant incidence · infants Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infancy for the prevention of allergy (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.81 [0.56, 1.19]	3 studies · 915 participants	Very low
Higher vs lower PUFA intake All allergic disease ‐ childhood incidence · infants Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infancy for the prevention of allergy (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.69 [0.47, 1.02]	2 studies · 154 participants	Very low
Higher vs lower PUFA intake Asthma ‐ childhood incidence · infants Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infancy for the prevention of allergy (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.45 [0.2, 1.02]	1 study · 89 participants	Very low
Higher vs lower PUFA intake Dermatitis/eczema ‐ childhood incidence · infants Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infancy for the prevention of allergy (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.65 [0.34, 1.24]	2 studies · 154 participants	Very low
Higher vs lower PUFA intake Food allergy ‐ childhood incidence · infants Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infancy for the prevention of allergy (2016) · Cochrane	RR 2.27 [0.25, 20.68]	1 study · 65 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Death from any cause prior to hospital discharge · Neonates with PPHN Endothelin receptor antagonists for persistent pulmonary hypertension in term and late preterm infants (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.2 [0.02, 1.77]	37 participants	Low
Intervention NR Percentage of infants that showed improvement in OI by at least 20% by the end of therapy · Neonates with PPHN Endothelin receptor antagonists for persistent pulmonary hypertension in term and late preterm infants (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	39 participants	Low
Intervention NR Adverse neurological outcomes at six months of age · Neonates with PPHN Endothelin receptor antagonists for persistent pulmonary hypertension in term and late preterm infants (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	37 participants	Low
Intervention NR Cerebral Palsy · Neonates with PPHN Endothelin receptor antagonists for persistent pulmonary hypertension in term and late preterm infants (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	37 participants	Low
Intervention NR Deafness · Neonates with PPHN Endothelin receptor antagonists for persistent pulmonary hypertension in term and late preterm infants (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	37 participants	Low
Intervention NR Need for ECMO prior to discharge · Neonates with PPHN Endothelin receptor antagonists for persistent pulmonary hypertension in term and late preterm infants (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	21 participants	Low
Intervention NR Total duration of mechanical ventilation (days) · Neonates with PPHN Endothelin receptor antagonists for persistent pulmonary hypertension in term and late preterm infants (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	37 participants	Low
Intervention NR Duration of iNO therapy (days) · Neonates with PPHN Endothelin receptor antagonists for persistent pulmonary hypertension in term and late preterm infants (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	21 participants	Low
Intervention NR Total duration of mechanical ventilation (days) · Neonates with PPHN Endothelin receptor antagonists for persistent pulmonary hypertension in term and late preterm infants (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	21 participants	Low
Chlorhexidine dressing following alcohol cleansing vs polyurethane dressing following aqueous povidone‐iodine cleansing Sepsis without a source · newborn infants with central venous catheters Antimicrobial dressings for the prevention of catheter‐related infections in newborn infants with central… (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.06 [0.75, 1.52]	1 study · 705 participants	Moderate
Chlorhexidine dressing following alcohol cleansing vs polyurethane dressing following aqueous povidone‐iodine cleansing Catheter‐related blood stream infection · newborn infants with central venous catheters Antimicrobial dressings for the prevention of catheter‐related infections in newborn infants with central… (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.18 [0.53, 2.65]	1 study · 655 participants	Moderate
Chlorhexidine dressing following alcohol cleansing vs polyurethane dressing following aqueous povidone‐iodine cleansing Catheter colonisation · newborn infants with central venous catheters Antimicrobial dressings for the prevention of catheter‐related infections in newborn infants with central… (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.62 [0.45, 0.86]	1 study · 655 participants	Moderate
Chlorhexidine dressing following alcohol cleansing vs polyurethane dressing following aqueous povidone‐iodine cleansing Adverse effects: contact dermatitis · newborn infants with central venous catheters Antimicrobial dressings for the prevention of catheter‐related infections in newborn infants with central… (2016) · Cochrane	RR 43.06 [2.61, 710.44]	1 study · 670 participants	Moderate
Silver‐alginate dressing vs control CRBSI ‐ Unit of analysis: infants Clinical and microbiological methods · newborn infants with central venous catheters Antimicrobial dressings for the prevention of catheter‐related infections in newborn infants with central… (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.5 [0.14, 1.78]	1 study · 50 participants	Moderate
Silver‐alginate dressing vs control CRBSI ‐ Unit of analysis: catheters Clinial and microbiological methods · newborn infants with central venous catheters Antimicrobial dressings for the prevention of catheter‐related infections in newborn infants with central… (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.72 [0.27, 1.89]	1 study · 118 participants	Moderate
Silver‐alginate dressing vs control Mortality Clinial assessment · newborn infants with central venous catheters Antimicrobial dressings for the prevention of catheter‐related infections in newborn infants with central… (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.55 [0.15, 2.05]	2 studies · 150 participants	Moderate
Silver‐alginate dressing vs control Adverse effects: contact dermatitis · newborn infants with central venous catheters Antimicrobial dressings for the prevention of catheter‐related infections in newborn infants with central… (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 150 participants	Ungraded
Antithrombin vs placebo Intraventricular hemorrhage (any severity, grade 1 to 4) · very preterm infants at risk of intraventricular hemorrhage Antithrombin for the prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage in very preterm infants (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.3 [0.87, 1.93]	2 studies · 175 participants	Low
Antithrombin vs placebo Severe Intraventricular hemorrhage (grade 3 to 4) · very preterm infants at risk of intraventricular hemorrhage Antithrombin for the prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage in very preterm infants (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.04 [0.55, 1.94]	2 studies · 175 participants	Low
Antithrombin vs placebo Neonatal mortality (all‐cause, < 28 days of age) · very preterm infants at risk of intraventricular hemorrhage Antithrombin for the prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage in very preterm infants (2016) · Cochrane	RR 2 [0.62, 6.45]	2 studies · 182 participants	Very low
Heparin vs placebo/no treatment Any Intraventricular Haemorrage (IVH) · preterm infants at risk of intraventricular haemorrhage Heparin for the prevention of intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.93 [0.61, 1.41]	2 studies · 155 participants	Very low
Heparin vs placebo/no treatment Severe IVH · preterm infants at risk of intraventricular haemorrhage Heparin for the prevention of intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.01 [0.46, 2.23]	2 studies · 155 participants	Low
Heparin vs placebo/no treatment Neonatal mortality (all‐cause) · preterm infants at risk of intraventricular haemorrhage Heparin for the prevention of intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.69 [0.28, 1.67]	2 studies · 155 participants	Low
Epinephrine vs placebo, no treatment or any other drugs Duration of oxygen therapy (hours) · infants with transient tachypnea of the newborn Epinephrine for transient tachypnea of the newborn (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 20 participants	Very low
Epinephrine vs placebo, no treatment or any other drugs Need for mechanical ventilation (yes/no) · infants with transient tachypnea of the newborn Epinephrine for transient tachypnea of the newborn (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.67 [0.08, 5.88]	1 study · 20 participants	Very low
Epinephrine vs placebo, no treatment or any other drugs Initiation of oral feeding (days) · infants with transient tachypnea of the newborn Epinephrine for transient tachypnea of the newborn (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 20 participants	Very low
Rescue high‐frequency jet ventilation vs conventional ventilation Overall mortality · preterm infants with severe pulmonary dysfunction Rescue high‐frequency jet ventilation versus conventional ventilation for severe pulmonary dysfunction in… (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.03 [0.64, 1.66]	1 study · 144 participants	Low