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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
75,239 questions in 5,342 reviews
current versionsNo studies 15,213 · 20.2%Ungraded 10,323 · 13.7%Very low 17,528 · 23.3%Low 17,951 · 23.9%Moderate 11,190 · 14.9%High 3,034 · 4%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Summary of findings table ‐ Silicone earplugs vs no earplugs Weight (kg) at 18 months' corrected age or later · preterm or very low birth weight infants Noise or sound management in the neonatal intensive care unit for preterm or very low birth weight infants (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 14 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Silicone earplugs vs no earplugs Height at 18 months' corrected age or later · preterm or very low birth weight infants Noise or sound management in the neonatal intensive care unit for preterm or very low birth weight infants (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 14 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Silicone earplugs vs no earplugs Days of assisted ventilation · preterm or very low birth weight infants Noise or sound management in the neonatal intensive care unit for preterm or very low birth weight infants (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 24 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Silicone earplugs vs no earplugs Days of initial hospitalisation · preterm or very low birth weight infants Noise or sound management in the neonatal intensive care unit for preterm or very low birth weight infants (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 24 participants | Very low |
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts vs conventional treatment All‐cause mortality · adults with hepatorenal syndrome Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts for adults with hepatorenal syndrome (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.55, 1.38] | 2 studies · 130 participants | Very low |
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts vs conventional treatment Morbidity due to any cause · adults with hepatorenal syndrome Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts for adults with hepatorenal syndrome (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.77, 1.18] | 2 studies · 130 participants | Low |
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts vs conventional treatment Serious adverse events · adults with hepatorenal syndrome Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts for adults with hepatorenal syndrome (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.6 [0.1, 24.59] | 2 studies · 130 participants | Very low |
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts vs conventional treatment Health‐related quality of life · adults with hepatorenal syndrome Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts for adults with hepatorenal syndrome (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts vs conventional treatment Participants who did not receive a liver transplant · adults with hepatorenal syndrome Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts for adults with hepatorenal syndrome (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.93, 1.14] | 2 studies · 130 participants | Very low |
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts vs conventional treatment Participants without improvement in kidney function · adults with hepatorenal syndrome Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts for adults with hepatorenal syndrome (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.53 [0.27, 1.02] | 1 study · 70 participants | Low |
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts vs conventional treatment Length of hospitalisation measured in days · adults with hepatorenal syndrome Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts for adults with hepatorenal syndrome (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) screening vs visual assessment Readmission for phototherapy for hyperbilirubinemia · newborns for hyperbilirubinemia Transcutaneous bilirubinometry for detecting jaundice in term or late preterm neonates (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.25 [0.14, 0.46] | 1 study · 1858 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) screening vs visual assessment Exchange transfusion · newborns for hyperbilirubinemia Transcutaneous bilirubinometry for detecting jaundice in term or late preterm neonates (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.2 [0.01, 4.16] | 1 study · 1858 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) screening vs visual assessment Phototherapy before hospital discharge · newborns for hyperbilirubinemia Transcutaneous bilirubinometry for detecting jaundice in term or late preterm neonates (2024) · Cochrane | RR 2.67 [1.56, 4.55] | 1 study · 1858 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) screening vs visual assessment Acute bilirubin encephalopathy · newborns for hyperbilirubinemia Transcutaneous bilirubinometry for detecting jaundice in term or late preterm neonates (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.01, 8.18] | 1 study · 1858 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) screening vs visual assessment Cost of care · newborns for hyperbilirubinemia Transcutaneous bilirubinometry for detecting jaundice in term or late preterm neonates (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Frequency of wearing a seat belt assessed through self‐report · drivers or passengers travelling in passenger or commercial vehicles Education, incentive, and engineering‐based interventions to promote the use of seat belts (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 986 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Crash‐related injury rates · drivers or passengers travelling in passenger or commercial vehicles Education, incentive, and engineering‐based interventions to promote the use of seat belts (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Crash‐related mortality rates · drivers or passengers travelling in passenger or commercial vehicles Education, incentive, and engineering‐based interventions to promote the use of seat belts (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Frequency of wearing a seat belt · drivers or passengers travelling in passenger or commercial vehicles Education, incentive, and engineering‐based interventions to promote the use of seat belts (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 1407 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Crash‐related injury rates · drivers or passengers travelling in passenger or commercial vehicles Education, incentive, and engineering‐based interventions to promote the use of seat belts (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Crash‐related mortality rates · drivers or passengers travelling in passenger or commercial vehicles Education, incentive, and engineering‐based interventions to promote the use of seat belts (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Frequency of wearing a seat belt · drivers or passengers travelling in passenger or commercial vehicles Education, incentive, and engineering‐based interventions to promote the use of seat belts (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 118 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Crash‐related injury rates · drivers or passengers travelling in passenger or commercial vehicles Education, incentive, and engineering‐based interventions to promote the use of seat belts (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Crash‐related mortality rates · drivers or passengers travelling in passenger or commercial vehicles Education, incentive, and engineering‐based interventions to promote the use of seat belts (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR All‐cause mortality at 31 to 100 days · Adults with haematological malignancies treated with intensive chemotherapy or radiotherapy, or both, with or without… Restrictive versus liberal red blood cell transfusion strategies for people with haematological malignancies… (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.27, 3.7] | 3 studies · 451 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Number of participants with any bleeding ‐ not reported · Adults with haematological malignancies treated with intensive chemotherapy or radiotherapy, or both, with or without… Restrictive versus liberal red blood cell transfusion strategies for people with haematological malignancies… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Number of participants with clinically significant bleeding · Adults with haematological malignancies treated with intensive chemotherapy or radiotherapy, or both, with or without… Restrictive versus liberal red blood cell transfusion strategies for people with haematological malignancies… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 84 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Serious infections ‐ not reported · Adults with haematological malignancies treated with intensive chemotherapy or radiotherapy, or both, with or without… Restrictive versus liberal red blood cell transfusion strategies for people with haematological malignancies… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Length of hospital admission ‐ not reported · Adults with haematological malignancies treated with intensive chemotherapy or radiotherapy, or both, with or without… Restrictive versus liberal red blood cell transfusion strategies for people with haematological malignancies… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Hospital readmission rate ‐ not reported · Adults with haematological malignancies treated with intensive chemotherapy or radiotherapy, or both, with or without… Restrictive versus liberal red blood cell transfusion strategies for people with haematological malignancies… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Quality of life (0 to 3 months) · Adults with haematological malignancies treated with intensive chemotherapy or radiotherapy, or both, with or without… Restrictive versus liberal red blood cell transfusion strategies for people with haematological malignancies… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 431 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Number of participants with any bleeding (0 to 3 months) · Adults with haematological malignancies treated with intensive chemotherapy or radiotherapy, or both, with or without… Restrictive versus liberal red blood cell transfusion strategies for people with haematological malignancies… (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.78, 1.06] | 3 studies · 448 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Number of participants with clinically significant bleeding (0 to 3 months) · Adults with haematological malignancies treated with intensive chemotherapy or radiotherapy, or both, with or without… Restrictive versus liberal red blood cell transfusion strategies for people with haematological malignancies… (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.74, 1.19] | 4 studies · 511 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Serious infections (0 to 3 months) · Adults with haematological malignancies treated with intensive chemotherapy or radiotherapy, or both, with or without… Restrictive versus liberal red blood cell transfusion strategies for people with haematological malignancies… (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.2 [0.93, 1.55] | 3 studies · 451 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Length of hospital admission (days) (0 to 3 months) · Adults with haematological malignancies treated with intensive chemotherapy or radiotherapy, or both, with or without… Restrictive versus liberal red blood cell transfusion strategies for people with haematological malignancies… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 388 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Hospital readmission (0 to 3 months) · Adults with haematological malignancies treated with intensive chemotherapy or radiotherapy, or both, with or without… Restrictive versus liberal red blood cell transfusion strategies for people with haematological malignancies… (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.52, 1.5] | 1 study · 299 participants | Low |
Intervention NR All‐cause mortality at 31 to 100 days · Adults with haematological malignancies treated with intensive chemotherapy or radiotherapy, or both, with or without… Restrictive versus liberal red blood cell transfusion strategies for people with haematological malignancies… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 84 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Quality of life ‐ not reported · Adults with haematological malignancies treated with intensive chemotherapy or radiotherapy, or both, with or without… Restrictive versus liberal red blood cell transfusion strategies for people with haematological malignancies… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Intervention (no. of studies/participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Azathioprine, daclizumab, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate, Immunoglobulins,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Pegylated interferon beta‐1a (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 1512 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Azathioprine, daclizumab, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate, Immunoglobulins,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.68 [0.56, 0.82] | 1 study · 1512 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Mitoxantrone (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 51 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Azathioprine, daclizumab, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate, Immunoglobulins,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.4 [0.21, 0.74] | 1 study · 51 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Natalizumab (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 942 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Azathioprine, daclizumab, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate, Immunoglobulins,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.52 [0.43, 0.63] | 1 study · 942 participants | High |
Intervention NR Teriflunomide (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 1169 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Azathioprine, daclizumab, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate, Immunoglobulins,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.66 [0.55, 0.78] | 1 study · 1169 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Placebo · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Azathioprine, daclizumab, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate, Immunoglobulins,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Intervention (no. of studies/participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: alemtuzumab, azathriopine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Alemtuzumab No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: alemtuzumab, azathriopine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.57 [0.47, 0.68] | NR | High |
Intervention NR Azathioprine (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 59 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: alemtuzumab, azathriopine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.77 [0.51, 1.18] | 1 study · 59 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Cladribine (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 1326 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: alemtuzumab, azathriopine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.53 [0.44, 0.64] | 1 study · 1326 participants | High |
Intervention NR Dimethylfumarate (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 2307 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: alemtuzumab, azathriopine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.62 [0.55, 0.7] | 2 studies · 2307 participants | Moderate |