Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
75,239 questions in 5,342 reviews
current versionsNo studies 15,213 · 20.2%Ungraded 10,323 · 13.7%Very low 17,528 · 23.3%Low 17,951 · 23.9%Moderate 11,190 · 14.9%High 3,034 · 4%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Azathioprine (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 59 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Azathioprine, daclizumab, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate, Immunoglobulins,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.58, 1.43] | 1 study · 59 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Fingolimod (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 2355 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: alemtuzumab, azathriopine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.54 [0.48, 0.6] | 2 studies · 2355 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Glatiramer acetate (Direct evidence; 3 RCsT; 1014 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: alemtuzumab, azathriopine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.76, 0.93] | 3 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Immunoglobulins (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 192 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: alemtuzumab, azathriopine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.59, 0.9] | 2 studies · 192 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Interferon beta 1a‐1b No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: alemtuzumab, azathriopine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.21 [0.66, 2.19] | 1 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Interferon beta‐1b (Betaferon) (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 372 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: alemtuzumab, azathriopine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.76, 0.94] | 1 study · 372 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Interferon beta‐1a (Avonex, Rebif) (Direct evidence; 3 RCTs; 1629 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: alemtuzumab, azathriopine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.78, 0.91] | 1 study · 3 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Laquinimod (Direct evidence; 3 RCTs; 3457 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: alemtuzumab, azathriopine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.76, 0.91] | 3 studies · 3457 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Mitoxantrone (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 51 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: alemtuzumab, azathriopine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.47 [0.27, 0.8] | 1 study · 51 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Natalizumab (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 942 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: alemtuzumab, azathriopine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.56 [0.48, 0.65] | 1 study · 942 participants | High |
Intervention NR Ponesimod No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: alemtuzumab, azathriopine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.58 [0.48, 0.7] | NR | Moderate |
Intervention NR Daclizumab (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 621 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Azathioprine, daclizumab, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate, Immunoglobulins,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.55 [0.42, 0.73] | 1 study · 621 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Teriflunomide (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 1088 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: alemtuzumab, azathriopine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.71, 0.94] | 1 study · 1088 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Placebo · Patients with RRMS Interventions: alemtuzumab, azathriopine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Intervention (no. of studies/participants) Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Interferon beta‐1b (Betaferon) (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 403 participants) Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.67, 1.11] | 1 study · 2 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Placebo Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Intervention (no. of studies and participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Alemtuzumab No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.67 [0.46, 0.99] | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Azathioprine (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 59 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.22, 1.63] | 1 study · 59 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Cladribine (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 1326 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.72 [0.56, 0.91] | 1 study · 1326 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Dimethylfumarate (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 2307 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.65 [0.55, 0.77] | 2 studies · 2307 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Fingolimod No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Azathioprine, daclizumab, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate, Immunoglobulins,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.48 [0.39, 0.57] | NR | Moderate |
Intervention NR Fingolimod (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 2355 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.68 [0.56, 0.83] | 2 studies · 2355 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Glatiramer acetate (Direct evidence; 3 RCTs; 1014 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.74 [0.61, 0.89] | 3 studies · 1014 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Immunoglobulins (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 190 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.41, 1.37] | 2 studies · 190 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Interferon beta 1a‐1b No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 3.19 [0.31, 33.21] | 1 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Interferon beta‐1b (Betaferon) (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 372 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.77 [0.62, 0.94] | 1 study · 372 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Interferon beta‐1a (Avonex, Rebif) (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 1069 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.73, 1.16] | 1 study · 2 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Laquinimod (Direct evidence; 3 RCTs; 3451 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.63, 0.96] | 3 studies · 3451 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Mitoxantrone (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 51 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.2 [0.05, 0.83] | 1 study · 51 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Natalizumab (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 942 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.59 [0.46, 0.75] | 1 study · 942 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Ocrelizumab No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.61 [0.41, 0.9] | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Glatiramer acetate (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 1454 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Azathioprine, daclizumab, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate, Immunoglobulins,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.55, 0.75] | 2 studies · 1454 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Ofatumumab No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.54 [0.38, 0.77] | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Ozanimod No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.19 [0.74, 1.91] | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Ponesimod No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.63 [0.41, 0.96] | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Teriflunomide (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 1088 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.76 [0.61, 0.95] | 1 study · 1088 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Placebo · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Intervention (no. of studies/participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Alemtuzumab No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 0.39 [0.19, 0.79] | NR | Moderate |
Intervention NR Azathioprine (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 54 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 6.26 [0.67, 58.05] | 1 study · 54 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Cladribine (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 1326 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 1.38 [0.46, 4.15] | 1 study · 1326 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Daclizumab (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 600 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 2.55 [1.4, 4.63] | 1 study · 600 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Immunoglobulins (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 91 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Azathioprine, daclizumab, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate, Immunoglobulins,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.47, 0.79] | 2 studies · 91 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Dimethylfumarate (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 2300 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 1.35 [0.94, 1.95] | 2 studies · 2300 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Fingolimod (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 2355 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 1.84 [1.31, 2.57] | 2 studies · 2355 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Glatiramer acetate (Direct evidence; 4 RCTs; 2419 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 1.48 [1.02, 2.14] | 4 studies · 2419 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Immunoglobulins (Direct evidence; 3 RCTs; 243 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 2.49 [0.37, 16.5] | 3 studies · 243 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Interferon beta 1a‐1b No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 3.02 [0.27, 33.65] | 1 participants | Very low |