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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
75,239 questions in 5,342 reviews
current versionsNo studies 15,213 · 20.2%Ungraded 10,323 · 13.7%Very low 17,528 · 23.3%Low 17,951 · 23.9%Moderate 11,190 · 14.9%High 3,034 · 4%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Interferon beta‐1b (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 372 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 2.27 [1.05, 4.91] | 1 study · 372 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Interferon beta‐1a (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 1457 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 1.48 [0.99, 2.2] | 1 study · 2 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Laquinimod (Direct evidence; 3 RCTs; 3457 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 1.46 [1, 2.15] | 3 studies · 3457 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Pegylated interferon beta‐1a (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 1512 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 3.58 [1.47, 8.73] | 1 study · 1512 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Natalizumab (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 939 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 1.57 [0.81, 3.05] | 1 study · 939 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Interferon beta 1a‐1b No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Azathioprine, daclizumab, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate, Immunoglobulins,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.42 [0.78, 2.6] | 1 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Ocrelizumab No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 0.82 [0.42, 1.6] | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Ofatumumab No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 2 [1.05, 3.81] | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Ozanimod No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 1.01 [0.52, 1.95] | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Ponesimod No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 5.04 [2.15, 11.82] | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Teriflunomide (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 2253 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 1.82 [1.19, 2.79] | 2 studies · 2253 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Placebo · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Intervention (no. of studies/participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Alemtuzumab No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 1.52 [0.94, 2.48] | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Cladribine (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 1326 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 1.39 [0.8, 2.4] | 1 study · 1326 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Daclizumab (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 600 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 1.9 [1.21, 2.99] | 1 study · 600 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Interferon beta‐1b (Betaferon) No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Azathioprine, daclizumab, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate, Immunoglobulins,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.5, 1.33] | 1 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Dimethylfumarate (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 2300 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 1.04 [0.71, 1.52] | 2 studies · 2300 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Fingolimod (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 2355 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 0.86 [0.64, 1.13] | 2 studies · 2355 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Glatiramer acetate (Direct evidence; 3 RCTs; 2371 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 0.94 [0.68, 1.28] | 3 studies · 2371 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Interferon beta‐1b (Betaferon) No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 0.92 [0.55, 1.54] | 1 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Interferon beta‐1a (Rebif, Avonex) (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 897 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 1.21 [0.88, 1.67] | 1 study · 897 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Laquinimod (Direct evidence; 3 RCTs; 3457 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 1.25 [0.92, 1.7] | 3 studies · 3457 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Pegylated interferon beta‐1a (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 1512 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 1.08 [0.59, 1.96] | 1 study · 1512 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Mitoxantrone (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 53 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 0.89 [0.02, 47.22] | 1 study · 53 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Natalizumab (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 939 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 1.24 [0.73, 2.09] | 1 study · 939 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Ocrelizumab No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 1 [0.58, 1.72] | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Interferon beta‐1a (Avonex, Rebif) (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 560 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Azathioprine, daclizumab, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate, Immunoglobulins,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.76 [0.68, 0.85] | 1 study · 560 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Ofatumumab No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 1.52 [0.89, 2.57] | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Ozanimod No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 1.5 [0.85, 2.64] | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Ponesimod No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 1.24 [0.66, 2.35] | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Teriflunomide (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 2253 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 1.16 [0.81, 1.64] | 2 studies · 2253 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Placebo · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Early vs delayed open or laparoscopic appendicectomy Overall morbidity Median · paediatric and adult participants with appendiceal phlegmon Early versus delayed appendicectomy for appendiceal phlegmon or abscess (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.74 [0.19, 2.86] | 3 studies · 146 participants | Very low |
Early vs delayed laparoscopic appendicectomy Abdominal abscess · paediatric participants with appendiceal abscess Early versus delayed appendicectomy for appendiceal phlegmon or abscess (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Early vs delayed laparoscopic appendicectomy Faecal fistula · paediatric participants with appendiceal abscess Early versus delayed appendicectomy for appendiceal phlegmon or abscess (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Early vs delayed laparoscopic appendicectomy Mortality · paediatric participants with appendiceal abscess Early versus delayed appendicectomy for appendiceal phlegmon or abscess (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
Early vs delayed laparoscopic appendicectomy Total length of hospital stay (days) · paediatric participants with appendiceal abscess Early versus delayed appendicectomy for appendiceal phlegmon or abscess (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
Early vs delayed laparoscopic appendicectomy Time away from normal activities (days) · paediatric participants with appendiceal abscess Early versus delayed appendicectomy for appendiceal phlegmon or abscess (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Early vs delayed open or laparoscopic appendicectomy Wound infection Median · paediatric and adult participants with appendiceal phlegmon Early versus delayed appendicectomy for appendiceal phlegmon or abscess (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.48, 2.02] | 7 studies · 788 participants | Very low |
Early vs delayed open or laparoscopic appendicectomy Abdominal abscess Median · paediatric and adult participants with appendiceal phlegmon Early versus delayed appendicectomy for appendiceal phlegmon or abscess (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.26 [0.08, 0.8] | 4 studies · 626 participants | Very low |
Early vs delayed open or laparoscopic appendicectomy Faecal fistula Median · paediatric and adult participants with appendiceal phlegmon Early versus delayed appendicectomy for appendiceal phlegmon or abscess (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.75 [0.36, 8.49] | 5 studies · 388 participants | Very low |
Early vs delayed open or laparoscopic appendicectomy Mortality Median · paediatric and adult participants with appendiceal phlegmon Early versus delayed appendicectomy for appendiceal phlegmon or abscess (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 788 participants | Very low |
Early vs delayed open or laparoscopic appendicectomy Total length of hospital stay (days) · paediatric and adult participants with appendiceal phlegmon Early versus delayed appendicectomy for appendiceal phlegmon or abscess (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 680 participants | Very low |
Early vs delayed open or laparoscopic appendicectomy Time away from normal activities (days) Median · paediatric and adult participants with appendiceal phlegmon Early versus delayed appendicectomy for appendiceal phlegmon or abscess (2024) · Cochrane | MD 5 [1.52, 8.48] | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
Early vs delayed laparoscopic appendicectomy Overall morbidity · paediatric participants with appendiceal abscess Early versus delayed appendicectomy for appendiceal phlegmon or abscess (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Early vs delayed laparoscopic appendicectomy Wound infection · paediatric participants with appendiceal abscess Early versus delayed appendicectomy for appendiceal phlegmon or abscess (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Phillips 2021 · children (aged 0 to < 18 years) who underwent blunt trauma evaluation in the emergency department Index test: CDRs or… Triage tools for detecting cervical spine injury in paediatric trauma patients (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 973 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR NICE CG176 · children (aged 0 to < 18 years) who underwent blunt trauma evaluation in the emergency department Index test: CDRs… Triage tools for detecting cervical spine injury in paediatric trauma patients (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 270 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Leonard 2019 · children (aged 0 to < 18 years) who underwent blunt trauma evaluation in the emergency department Index test: CDRs or… Triage tools for detecting cervical spine injury in paediatric trauma patients (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4091 participants | Moderate |