Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,353 questions in 210 reviews · Neonatal
current versionsNo studies 432 · 18.4%Ungraded 99 · 4.2%Very low 609 · 25.9%Low 737 · 31.3%Moderate 385 · 16.4%High 91 · 3.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR NIPS during heel lance Range of scale 0‐7 A lower score = less pain Lawrence 1993 · neonates with heel lance‐associated pain Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 56 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR PIPP ‐ Preterm infants · neonates with heel lance‐associated pain Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 47 participants | Low |
Intervention NR NFCS Range of scale 0‐10 in term infants 0‐9 in preterm infants A lower score = less pain Grunau 1987 · newborns with heel lance‐associated pain Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 100 participants | Low |
Intervention NR PIPP 30 s after heel lance (term and preterm infants) Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · newborns with heel lance‐associated pain Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 278 participants | High |
Intervention NR PIPP 60 s after heel lance Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · newborns with heel lance‐associated pain Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 164 participants | High |
Non‐nutritive sucking (NNS) vs no NNS Gavage to full oral feeding (days) · preterm infants Non‐nutritive sucking for increasing physiologic stability and nutrition in preterm infants (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 87 participants | Low |
Non‐nutritive sucking (NNS) vs no NNS Start oral feeding to full oral feeding (days) · preterm infants Non‐nutritive sucking for increasing physiologic stability and nutrition in preterm infants (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 100 participants | Very low |
Non‐nutritive sucking (NNS) vs no NNS Days from birth to full oral breastfeeding · preterm infants Non‐nutritive sucking for increasing physiologic stability and nutrition in preterm infants (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 303 participants | Low |
Non‐nutritive sucking (NNS) vs no NNS Full breastfeeding at discharge · preterm infants Non‐nutritive sucking for increasing physiologic stability and nutrition in preterm infants (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 303 participants | Low |
Non‐nutritive sucking (NNS) vs no NNS Length of hospital stay (days) · preterm infants Non‐nutritive sucking for increasing physiologic stability and nutrition in preterm infants (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 501 participants | Low |
Non‐nutritive sucking (NNS) vs no NNS Weight gain (g/day) · preterm infants Non‐nutritive sucking for increasing physiologic stability and nutrition in preterm infants (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 103 participants | Low |
Non‐nutritive sucking (NNS) vs no NNS Postconceptual age at full oral feeds (days) · preterm infants Non‐nutritive sucking for increasing physiologic stability and nutrition in preterm infants (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 28 participants | Very low |
Non‐nutritive sucking (NNS) vs no NNS Intestinal transit time (hours) · preterm infants Non‐nutritive sucking for increasing physiologic stability and nutrition in preterm infants (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Barbiturate treatment vs placebo or no treatment Death or major neurodevelopmental disability · infants with perinatal asphyxia Prophylactic barbiturate use for the prevention of morbidity and mortality following perinatal asphyxia (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.14, 0.78] | 1 study · 31 participants | Very low |
Barbiturate treatment vs placebo or no treatment Death · infants with perinatal asphyxia Prophylactic barbiturate use for the prevention of morbidity and mortality following perinatal asphyxia (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.55, 1.42] | 8 studies · 429 participants | Low |
Barbiturate treatment vs placebo or no treatment Major neurodevelopmental disability · infants with perinatal asphyxia Prophylactic barbiturate use for the prevention of morbidity and mortality following perinatal asphyxia (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.24 [0.06, 0.92] | 1 study · 31 participants | Very low |
Barbiturate treatment vs placebo or no treatment Cerebral palsy · infants with perinatal asphyxia Prophylactic barbiturate use for the prevention of morbidity and mortality following perinatal asphyxia (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.58 [0.19, 1.7] | 2 studies · 69 participants | Very low |
Barbiturate treatment vs placebo or no treatment Developmental delay · infants with perinatal asphyxia Prophylactic barbiturate use for the prevention of morbidity and mortality following perinatal asphyxia (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.54 [0.24, 1.19] | 2 studies · 63 participants | Very low |
Barbiturate treatment vs placebo or no treatment Seizures (clinical or electrographic) · infants with perinatal asphyxia Prophylactic barbiturate use for the prevention of morbidity and mortality following perinatal asphyxia (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.62 [0.48, 0.81] | 6 studies · 319 participants | Low |
Barbiturate treatment vs placebo or no treatment Abnormal neurologic exam at discharge · infants with perinatal asphyxia Prophylactic barbiturate use for the prevention of morbidity and mortality following perinatal asphyxia (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.67, 1.08] | 4 studies · 245 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Death prior to hospital discharge · Preterm infants Glutamine supplementation to prevent morbidity and mortality in preterm infants (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.8, 1.17] | 12 studies · 2877 participants | High |
Intervention NR Neurodevelopmental impairment · Preterm infants Glutamine supplementation to prevent morbidity and mortality in preterm infants (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 [0.59, 1.92] | 1 study · 72 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Invasive infection · Preterm infants Glutamine supplementation to prevent morbidity and mortality in preterm infants (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.86, 1.04] | 11 studies · 2815 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Necrotising enterocolitis · Preterm infants Glutamine supplementation to prevent morbidity and mortality in preterm infants (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.66, 1.06] | 11 studies · 2849 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table for oral immunoglobulin vs control Definite necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) during study period · preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm and low birth weight neonates Oral immunoglobulin for preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm and low birth weight neonates (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.57, 1.25] | 3 studies · 1840 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table for oral immunoglobulin vs control Definite necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) during study period ‐ IgA/IgG · preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm and low birth weight neonates Oral immunoglobulin for preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm and low birth weight neonates (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.08 [0, 1.39] | 1 study · 179 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table for oral immunoglobulin vs control Definite necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) during study period ‐ IgG · preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm and low birth weight neonates Oral immunoglobulin for preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm and low birth weight neonates (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.63, 1.42] | 2 studies · 1661 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table for oral immunoglobulin vs control Definite NEC after study period · preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm and low birth weight neonates Oral immunoglobulin for preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm and low birth weight neonates (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.3 [0.47, 3.6] | 2 studies · 1661 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table for oral immunoglobulin vs control NEC‐related surgery during study period · preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm and low birth weight neonates Oral immunoglobulin for preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm and low birth weight neonates (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.21 [0.02, 1.75] | 2 studies · 311 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table for oral immunoglobulin vs control NEC‐related deaths during study period · preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm and low birth weight neonates Oral immunoglobulin for preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm and low birth weight neonates (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.1 [0.47, 2.59] | 3 studies · 1840 participants | Very low |
Kangaroo mother care vs conventional neonatal care Mortality at latest · infants with low birthweight Kangaroo mother care to reduce morbidity and mortality in low birthweight infants (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.67 [0.48, 0.95] | 12 studies · 2293 participants | Moderate |
Kangaroo mother care vs conventional neonatal care Severe infection/sepsis at latest · infants with low birthweight Kangaroo mother care to reduce morbidity and mortality in low birthweight infants (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.5 [0.36, 0.69] | 8 studies · 1463 participants | Moderate |
Kangaroo mother care vs conventional neonatal care Hypothermia at discharge or at 40 to 41 weeks’ postmenstrual age ‐ stabilized infants · infants with low birthweight Kangaroo mother care to reduce morbidity and mortality in low birthweight infants (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.28 [0.16, 0.49] | 9 studies · 989 participants | Moderate |
Kangaroo mother care vs conventional neonatal care Weight gain at latest · infants with low birthweight Kangaroo mother care to reduce morbidity and mortality in low birthweight infants (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 1198 participants | Moderate |
Kangaroo mother care vs conventional neonatal care Any breastfeeding at discharge or at 40 to 41 weeks' postmenstrual age ‐ stabilized infants · infants with low birthweight Kangaroo mother care to reduce morbidity and mortality in low birthweight infants (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.2 [1.07, 1.34] | 10 studies · 1696 participants | Moderate |
Kangaroo mother care vs conventional neonatal care Any breastfeeding at 1 to 3 months' · infants with low birthweight Kangaroo mother care to reduce morbidity and mortality in low birthweight infants (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.17 [1.05, 1.31] | 9 studies · 1394 participants | Low |
Kangaroo mother care vs conventional neonatal care Griffith quotient for psychomotor development (all subscales) at 12 months' corrected age (copy) · infants with low birthweight Kangaroo mother care to reduce morbidity and mortality in low birthweight infants (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 579 participants | Low |
Prone vs supine Death (neonatal or infant) ‐ not reported · neonates with mechanical ventilation Infant position in neonates receiving mechanical ventilation (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Prone vs supine Desaturations · neonates with mechanical ventilation Infant position in neonates receiving mechanical ventilation (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 178 participants | Low |
Prone vs lateral Death (neonatal or infant) · neonates with mechanical ventilation Infant position in neonates receiving mechanical ventilation (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Prone vs lateral Long‐term complications (neurodevelopmental) · neonates with mechanical ventilation Infant position in neonates receiving mechanical ventilation (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Prone vs lateral Long‐term complications (bronchopulmonary dysplasia, chronic lung disease) · neonates with mechanical ventilation Infant position in neonates receiving mechanical ventilation (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Prone vs lateral Short‐term complications (respiratory) · neonates with mechanical ventilation Infant position in neonates receiving mechanical ventilation (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Prone vs lateral Short‐term complications (procedural) · neonates with mechanical ventilation Infant position in neonates receiving mechanical ventilation (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Prone vs lateral Periventricular or intraventricular haemorrhage · neonates with mechanical ventilation Infant position in neonates receiving mechanical ventilation (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Prone vs lateral Oxygenation SpO2a · neonates with mechanical ventilation Infant position in neonates receiving mechanical ventilation (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 206 participants | Very low |
Prone vs lateral Desaturations · neonates with mechanical ventilation Infant position in neonates receiving mechanical ventilation (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lateral vs supine Death (neonatal or infant) · neonates with mechanical ventilation Infant position in neonates receiving mechanical ventilation (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Prone vs supine Long‐term complications (neurodevelopmental) · neonates with mechanical ventilation Infant position in neonates receiving mechanical ventilation (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lateral vs supine Long‐term complications (neurodevelopmental) · neonates with mechanical ventilation Infant position in neonates receiving mechanical ventilation (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |