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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

253 questions · 256 findings · 57 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth

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No studies found 22 · 8.6%GRADE not reported 10 · 3.9%Very low 32 · 12.5%Low 95 · 37.1%Moderate 67 · 26.2%High 30 · 11.7%

Vitamin E vs placebo, no placebo or other supplements

Preterm birth · pregnant women receiving vitamin E supplementation or control, living in areas where there is either inadequate dietary intake of vitamin…

Any vitamin E supplementation showed no clear difference in preterm birth (less than 37 weeks' gestation) compared with placebo, no placebo or other supplements (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Preterm birth (< 37 weeks' gestation) · All pregnant women receiving either vitamin C supplementation or control either in areas where there is inadequate dietary intake or where…

The intervention showed no clear difference in preterm birth (< 37 weeks' gestation) (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any supplements containing iron and folic acid vs same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid or placebo)

Preterm birth · pregnant women

(Infant outcomes) Any supplements containing iron and folic acid showed no clear difference in preterm birth (less than 37 weeks of gestation) (ALL) compared with same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any supplements containing iron vs same supplements without iron or no treatment/placebo (no iron or placebo)

Preterm birth · pregnant women

(Infant outcomes) Any supplements containing iron showed no clear difference in preterm birth (less than 37 weeks of gestation) (ALL) compared with same supplements without iron or no treatment/placebo (no iron or… (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium supplementation/fortification vs placebo or no intervention

Gestational age (preterm birth < 37 weeks) · healthy pregnant women receiving calcium supplementation vs placebo or no treatment

Calcium supplementation showed no clear difference in preterm birth (a) Birth prior to 37 weeks compared with placebo or no treatment (maternal outcomes) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Calcium supplementation/fortification vs placebo or no intervention

Preterm birth less than 34 weeks' gestation · healthy pregnant women receiving calcium supplementation vs placebo or no treatment

Calcium supplementation showed no clear difference in preterm birth (b) Birth prior to 34 weeks compared with placebo or no treatment (maternal outcomes) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Group antenatal care vs individual antenatal care (adjusted data)

Gestational age (preterm birth < 37 weeks) · pregnant women accessing prenatal care

Group antenatal care showed no clear difference in preterm birth (gestational age at time of birth less than 37 weeks'… compared with individual antenatal care (adjusted data) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Nitrofurantoin and close surveillance vs close surveillance alone

Preterm birth · pregnant women with a history of one or more UTI before or during pregnancy

It is very uncertain whether nitrofurantoin and close surveillance changes preterm birth (< 37 weeks) compared with close surveillance alone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review