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What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

568 questions · 575 findings · 105 reviews

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No studies found 53 · 9.2%GRADE not reported 26 · 4.5%Very low 91 · 15.8%Low 215 · 37.4%Moderate 151 · 26.3%High 39 · 6.8%

Intervention not reported

Preterm birth < 37 weeks · pregnant women and their babies

The intervention leads to lower preterm birth < 37 weeks (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Early preterm birth < 34 weeks · pregnant women and their babies

The intervention leads to lower early preterm birth < 34 weeks (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Outcomes for all interventions for smoking cessation in pregnancy vs control: subgrouped by main intervention strategy (comparison 20)

Gestational age (preterm birth < 37 weeks) · Pregnant women who smoke

Outcomes for all interventions for smoking cessation in pregnancy showed no clear difference in preterm birth (under 37 weeks) compared with control: subgrouped by main intervention strategy (comparison 20) (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any supplement containing iodine vs same supplement without iodine or no treatment/placebo (maternal outcomes)

Preterm birth · women during the preconception, pregnancy and postpartum period

Any supplement containing iodine showed no clear difference in preterm birth compared with same supplement without iodine or no treatment/placebo (maternal… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Very preterm birth (less than 34 weeks) ‐ assuming complete correlation between twins/triplets · women with multiple pregnancy

The intervention showed no clear difference in very preterm birth (less than 34 weeks) ‐ assuming complete… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Very preterm birth (less than 34 weeks) ‐ assuming complete correlation between twins · women with multiple pregnancy

The intervention showed no clear difference in very preterm birth (less than 34 weeks) ‐ assuming complete… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Acupuncture vs placebo

Preterm birth · Pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum

Acupuncture showed no clear difference in preterm birth less than 37 weeks compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Reduced number of antenatal care visits/goal‐oriented vs standard antenatal care visits

Preterm birth · Pregnant women at low risk of complications

Reduced number of antenatal care visits/goal‐oriented showed no clear difference in preterm birth compared with standard antenatal care visits (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin E vs placebo, no placebo or other supplements

Preterm birth · pregnant women receiving vitamin E supplementation or control, living in areas where there is either inadequate dietary intake of vitamin…

Any vitamin E supplementation showed no clear difference in preterm birth (less than 37 weeks' gestation) compared with placebo, no placebo or other supplements (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Preterm birth (< 37 weeks' gestation) · All pregnant women receiving either vitamin C supplementation or control either in areas where there is inadequate dietary intake or where…

The intervention showed no clear difference in preterm birth (< 37 weeks' gestation) (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review