Perineal infection · Women in labour where operative delivery was not anticipated. (Women were above 16 years old and between 28 gestational weeks and full…
Selective showed no clear difference in perineal infection compared with routine episiotomy: all vaginal births where operative vaginal… (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
2nd degree tear · women in the second stage of labour without epidural anaesthesia
Any upright showed no clear difference in trauma to the birth canal that required suturing: second degree… compared with supine position (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Perineal trauma · pregnant women
1 finding from 1 review
Perineal trauma (anal sphincter injury) · pregnant women
It is very uncertain whether dietary advice interventions changes perineal trauma (anal sphincter injury) compared with standard care (maternal outcomes) (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Perineal trauma · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM in this pregnancy and those with pre‐existing diabetes mellitus
1 finding from 1 review
Perineal trauma · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM in this pregnancy and those with pre‐existing diabetes mellitus
1 finding from 1 review
Perineal trauma · women with type 2 diabetes
1 finding from 1 review
Perineal trauma · adolescent girls with type 1 or 2 diabetes
1 finding from 1 review
3rd or 4th degree tears · women in the second stage of labour
Spontaneous pushing showed no clear difference in perineal laceration (3rd or 4th degree) compared with directed pushing (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
3rd or 4th degree tears · women in the second stage of labour with epidural anaesthesia
Delayed pushing showed no clear difference in perineal laceration (3rd or 4th degree) compared with immediate pushing (all women with epidural) (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Perineal trauma · pregnant women with GDM
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Perineal trauma · pregnant women with GDM
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Perineal trauma · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM in this pregnancy and those with pre‐existing diabetes mellitus
Combined diet and exercise interventions showed no clear difference in perineal trauma compared with standard care (mother) (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Perineal trauma · women with gestational diabetes mellitus
1 finding from 1 review
Perineal trauma · women with gestational diabetes mellitus
1 finding from 1 review
Perineal trauma · women with gestational diabetes mellitus
1 finding from 1 review
Perineal trauma · women with gestational diabetes mellitus
Metformin showed no clear difference in perineal trauma compared with glibenclamide ‐ maternal outcomes (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Perineal trauma ‐ not reported · women diagnosed with gestational diabetes; 11 to 33 weeks' gestation; singleton pregnancy
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Perineal trauma · women diagnosed with gestational diabetes; 24‐30 weeks' gestation; singleton pregnancy.
It is very uncertain whether oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies changes perineal trauma compared with placebo ‐ maternal outcomes (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Perineal trauma · women with gestational diabetes mellitus
Lifestyle interventions showed no clear difference in perineal trauma/tear compared with control ‐ Maternal outcomes (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review