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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,325 questions in 216 reviews · Airways
current versionsNo studies 249 · 10.7%Ungraded 107 · 4.6%Very low 276 · 11.9%Low 751 · 32.3%Moderate 718 · 30.9%High 224 · 9.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Linear growth velocity in first year of treatment (cm/y) · children up to 18 years of age with persistent asthma Inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma: effects on growth (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 14 studies · 5717 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Change from baseline in height over first year of treatment (cm) · children up to 18 years of age with persistent asthma Inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma: effects on growth (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 15 studies · 3275 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Change in height standard deviation score (SDS) in first year of treatment · children up to 18 years of age with persistent asthma Inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma: effects on growth (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 258 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Growth velocity over 12 months (cm/y) (higher is better) · children with persistent asthma Inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma: dose‐response effects on growth (2014) · Cochrane | MD 0.2 [0.02, 0.39] | 4 studies · 728 participants | High |
Intervention NR Change in height over 3 months (cm) (higher is better) · children with persistent asthma Inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma: dose‐response effects on growth (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 944 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Change in height over 12 months (cm) (higher is better) · children with persistent asthma Inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma: dose‐response effects on growth (2014) · Cochrane | MD 0.25 | 4 studies · 548 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Change in SD scores over 12 months (height) (low change is better) · children with persistent asthma Inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma: dose‐response effects on growth (2014) · Cochrane | MD 0.08 | 3 studies · 328 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Change in weight over 12 months (kg) (higher is better) · children with persistent asthma Inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma: dose‐response effects on growth (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 408 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Change in BMI over 12 months (kg/m2) (higher is better) · children with persistent asthma Inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma: dose‐response effects on growth (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 408 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Change in skeletal maturation over 12 months (years) (higher is better) · children with persistent asthma Inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma: dose‐response effects on growth (2014) · Cochrane | MD 0.18 [0.02, 0.34] | 1 study · 181 participants | Low |
Bronchial thermoplasty vs any active control Quality of life (AQLQ) AQLQ scores1. Scale from 1 to 7 · adult patients with asthma Bronchial thermoplasty for moderate or severe persistent asthma in adults (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 429 participants | Moderate |
Bronchial thermoplasty vs any active control Asthma control (ACQ) ACQ scores. Scale from 0 to 36 · adult patients with asthma Bronchial thermoplasty for moderate or severe persistent asthma in adults (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 429 participants | Moderate |
Bronchial thermoplasty vs any active control Number of exacerbations · adult patients with asthma Bronchial thermoplasty for moderate or severe persistent asthma in adults (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 409 participants | Ungraded |
Bronchial thermoplasty vs any active control Participants admitted to hospital because of respiratory adverse events (treatment period) · adult patients with asthma Bronchial thermoplasty for moderate or severe persistent asthma in adults (2014) · Cochrane | RR 3.5 [1.26, 9.68] | 3 studies · 429 participants | High |
Bronchial thermoplasty vs any active control Participants admitted to hospital because of respiratory adverse events (post‐treatment period) · adult patients with asthma Bronchial thermoplasty for moderate or severe persistent asthma in adults (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.44, 2.85] | 3 studies · 429 participants | Moderate |
Bronchial thermoplasty vs any active control Use of rescue medication Short‐acting bronchodilator puffs per week · adult patients with asthma Bronchial thermoplasty for moderate or severe persistent asthma in adults (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 429 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Outcomes · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Inhaled steroids and risk of pneumonia for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Mortality, all‐cause · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Inhaled steroids and risk of pneumonia for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2014) · Cochrane | OR 0.9 [0.65, 1.24] | 12 studies · 10009 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Mortality, due to pneumonia · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Inhaled steroids and risk of pneumonia for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2014) · Cochrane | OR 4.46 [0.07, 286.99] | 3 studies · 1511 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Non‐fatal, serious adverse events (all) · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Inhaled steroids and risk of pneumonia for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2014) · Cochrane | OR 1.01 [0.83, 1.22] | 12 studies · 10009 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR All pneumonia events · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Inhaled steroids and risk of pneumonia for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2014) · Cochrane | OR 1.12 [0.83, 1.51] | 6 studies · 7011 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Withdrawals · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Inhaled steroids and risk of pneumonia for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2014) · Cochrane | OR 0.78 [0.71, 0.85] | 15 studies · 10150 participants | High |
Intervention NR Non‐fatal, serious adverse pneumonia events (requiring hospital admission) · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Inhaled steroids and risk of pneumonia for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2014) · Cochrane | OR 1.78 [1.5, 2.12] | 17 studies · 19504 participants | High |
Intervention NR Mortality, all‐cause · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Inhaled steroids and risk of pneumonia for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2014) · Cochrane | OR 0.99 [0.87, 1.13] | 22 studies · 20861 participants | High |
Intervention NR Mortality, due to pneumonia · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Inhaled steroids and risk of pneumonia for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2014) · Cochrane | OR 1.23 [0.7, 2.15] | 18 studies · 19532 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Non‐fatal, serious adverse events (all) · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Inhaled steroids and risk of pneumonia for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2014) · Cochrane | OR 1.06 [0.99, 1.14] | 19 studies · 20381 participants | High |
Intervention NR All pneumonia events · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Inhaled steroids and risk of pneumonia for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2014) · Cochrane | OR 1.68 [1.49, 1.9] | 11 studies · 15377 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Withdrawals · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Inhaled steroids and risk of pneumonia for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2014) · Cochrane | OR 0.81 [0.77, 0.86] | 26 studies · 21243 participants | High |
Intervention NR Outcomes · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Inhaled steroids and risk of pneumonia for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Non‐fatal, serious adverse pneumonia events (requiring hospital admission) · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Inhaled steroids and risk of pneumonia for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2014) · Cochrane | OR 1.62 [1, 2.62] | 7 studies · 6472 participants | Moderate |
Combination of anticholinergics + beta2‐agonists vs beta2‐agonists alone Duration of the hospital stay (hours) · children hospitalised with an acute asthma exacerbation Inhaled anticholinergics and short‐acting beta₂‐agonists versus short‐acting beta2‐agonists alone for… (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 327 participants | Moderate |
Combination of anticholinergics + beta2‐agonists vs beta2‐agonists alone Time to regular dose of short‐acting beta2‐agonists (hours) · children hospitalised with an acute asthma exacerbation Inhaled anticholinergics and short‐acting beta₂‐agonists versus short‐acting beta2‐agonists alone for… (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 269 participants | Moderate |
Combination of anticholinergics + beta2‐agonists vs beta2‐agonists alone Asthma clinical scores · children hospitalised with an acute asthma exacerbation Inhaled anticholinergics and short‐acting beta₂‐agonists versus short‐acting beta2‐agonists alone for… (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 117 participants | Moderate |
Combination of anticholinergics + beta2‐agonists vs beta2‐agonists alone Admission to the intensive care unit · children hospitalised with an acute asthma exacerbation Inhaled anticholinergics and short‐acting beta₂‐agonists versus short‐acting beta2‐agonists alone for… (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 210 participants | Moderate |
Combination of anticholinergics + beta2‐agonists vs beta2‐agonists alone Overall withdrawals · children hospitalised with an acute asthma exacerbation Inhaled anticholinergics and short‐acting beta₂‐agonists versus short‐acting beta2‐agonists alone for… (2014) · Cochrane | OR 0.59 [0.27, 1.3] | 2 studies · 294 participants | Moderate |
Combination of anticholinergics + beta2‐agonists vs beta2‐agonists alone Adverse health events · children hospitalised with an acute asthma exacerbation Inhaled anticholinergics and short‐acting beta₂‐agonists versus short‐acting beta2‐agonists alone for… (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 290 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR SGRQ Scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating more limitations · 18 to 80 years of age with bronchiectasis Combination inhaled corticosteroids and long‐acting beta₂‐agonists for children and adults with bronchiectasis (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Low |
Intervention NR TDI Total scores range from ‐ 9 to +9. The lower the score, the greater the deterioration in severity of dyspnoea, MCID ≥ 1 · 18 to 80 years of age with bronchiectasis Combination inhaled corticosteroids and long‐acting beta₂‐agonists for children and adults with bronchiectasis (2014) · Cochrane | MD 1.29 [0.4, 2.18] | 1 study · 40 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Cough‐free days Percentage of days free of cough · 18 to 80 years of age with bronchiectasis Combination inhaled corticosteroids and long‐acting beta₂‐agonists for children and adults with bronchiectasis (2014) · Cochrane | MD 12.3 [2.38, 22.22] | 1 study · 40 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Hospitalisations, number of participants with 1 or more exacerbations · 18 to 80 years of age with bronchiectasis Combination inhaled corticosteroids and long‐acting beta₂‐agonists for children and adults with bronchiectasis (2014) · Cochrane | OR 0.26 [0.02, 2.79] | 1 study · 38 participants | Low |
Comparison of water‐based exercise vs control Quality of life · adults with asthma Water‐based exercise for adults with asthma (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Comparison of water‐based exercise vs control Exacerbations leading to health centre visits or exacerbations leading to hospitalisations Instrument: patient recorded · adults with asthma Water‐based exercise for adults with asthma (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 31 participants | Very low |
Comparison of water‐based exercise vs control Lung function (FEV1 (L)) Spirometer: scale from 0.5 to 8 · adults with asthma Water‐based exercise for adults with asthma (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 105 participants | Very low |
Comparison of water‐based exercise vs control Medication usage Instrument: questionnaire · adults with asthma Water‐based exercise for adults with asthma (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 31 participants | Very low |
Comparison of water‐based exercise vs control Adverse events Count of events · adults with asthma Water‐based exercise for adults with asthma (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 31 participants | Very low |
Aclidinium bromide vs placebo Mortality (all‐cause) · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Aclidinium bromide for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2014) · Cochrane | OR 0.92 [0.43, 1.94] | 9 studies · 5252 participants | Low |
Aclidinium bromide vs tiotropium Functional capacity Six‐minute walk distance · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Aclidinium bromide for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Aclidinium bromide vs tiotropium Hospital admissions due to exacerbations · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Aclidinium bromide for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2014) · Cochrane | OR 0.54 [0.07, 4.11] | 2 studies · 729 participants | Very low |
Aclidinium bromide vs tiotropium Non‐fatal serious adverse events · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Aclidinium bromide for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2014) · Cochrane | OR 0.67 [0.17, 2.65] | 2 studies · 729 participants | Very low |
Aclidinium bromide vs placebo Exacerbations requiring steroids, antibiotics or both · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Aclidinium bromide for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2014) · Cochrane | OR 0.88 [0.74, 1.04] | 10 studies · 5624 participants | Moderate |