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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,325 questions in 216 reviews · Airways
current versionsNo studies 249 · 10.7%Ungraded 107 · 4.6%Very low 276 · 11.9%Low 751 · 32.3%Moderate 718 · 30.9%High 224 · 9.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Psychological interventions vs usual care, no intervention, or treatment with no psychological component Symptoms of anxiety · adolescents with asthma Psychological interventions for asthma in children and adolescents (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 431 participants | Very low |
Psychological interventions vs usual care, no intervention, or treatment with no psychological component Symptoms of depression · adolescents with asthma Psychological interventions for asthma in children and adolescents (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 166 participants | Very low |
Psychological interventions vs usual care, no intervention, or treatment with no psychological component Medical contacts Assessed as hospital admissions, ED presentations or asthma‐related urgent care visits. · adolescents with asthma Psychological interventions for asthma in children and adolescents (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 636 participants | Very low |
Psychological interventions vs usual care, no intervention, or treatment with no psychological component Asthma attacks · adolescents with asthma Psychological interventions for asthma in children and adolescents (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 129 participants | Very low |
Psychological interventions vs usual care, no intervention, or treatment with no psychological component Asthma symptoms · adolescents with asthma Psychological interventions for asthma in children and adolescents (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 720 participants | Very low |
Psychological interventions vs usual care, no intervention, or treatment with no psychological component Medication use · adolescents with asthma Psychological interventions for asthma in children and adolescents (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 822 participants | Very low |
Psychological interventions vs usual care, no intervention, or treatment with no psychological component Quality of life · adolescents with asthma Psychological interventions for asthma in children and adolescents (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 653 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ ICS vs placebo Exacerbation rate (exacerbations per participant per year) · adults with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Inhaled corticosteroids versus placebo for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 10316 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ ICS vs placebo Quality of life (mean change in SGRQ score) · adults with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Inhaled corticosteroids versus placebo for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 2507 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ ICS vs placebo Change in postbronchodilator FEV1 (mL/year) · adults with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Inhaled corticosteroids versus placebo for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 12502 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ ICS vs placebo Mortality · adults with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Inhaled corticosteroids versus placebo for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2023) · Cochrane | OR 0.94 [0.84, 1.07] | 10 studies · 16636 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ ICS vs placebo Pneumonia · adults with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Inhaled corticosteroids versus placebo for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2023) · Cochrane | OR 1.38 [1.02, 1.88] | 9 studies · 14831 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ ICS vs placebo Oropharyngeal candidiasis · adults with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Inhaled corticosteroids versus placebo for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2023) · Cochrane | OR 2.66 [1.91, 3.68] | 7 studies · 5547 participants | Moderate |
Exercise vs control Exercise capacity: 6MWDDistance, metres · people with pulmonary hypertension Exercise‐based rehabilitation programmes for pulmonary hypertension (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 418 participants | Low |
Exercise vs control Exercise capacity: VO2peak Oxygen uptake, mL/kg/min · people with pulmonary hypertension Exercise‐based rehabilitation programmes for pulmonary hypertension (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 314 participants | Low |
Exercise vs control Exercise capacity: peak power watts · people with pulmonary hypertension Exercise‐based rehabilitation programmes for pulmonary hypertension (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 226 participants | Low |
Exercise vs control Serious adverse events · people with pulmonary hypertension Exercise‐based rehabilitation programmes for pulmonary hypertension (2023) · Cochrane | RD 0 | 11 studies · 439 participants | Moderate |
Exercise vs control HRQoL SF‐36: PCS units · people with pulmonary hypertension Exercise‐based rehabilitation programmes for pulmonary hypertension (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 187 participants | Moderate |
Exercise vs control HRQoL SF‐36: MCS units · people with pulmonary hypertension Exercise‐based rehabilitation programmes for pulmonary hypertension (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 186 participants | Moderate |
Exercise vs control Cardiopulmonary haemodynamics (mPAP) mmHg · people with pulmonary hypertension Exercise‐based rehabilitation programmes for pulmonary hypertension (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 133 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Vitamin D vs placebo Proportion of participants with one or more exacerbations treated with systemic corticosteroids · children and adults with predominantly mild to moderate asthma Vitamin D for the management of asthma (2023) · Cochrane | OR 1.04 [0.81, 1.34] | 14 studies · 1778 participants | High |
Summary of findings table ‐ Vitamin D vs placebo Proportion of participants with one or more exacerbations requiring emergency department visit or hospitalisation, or both · children and adults with predominantly mild to moderate asthma Vitamin D for the management of asthma (2023) · Cochrane | OR 0.56 [0.26, 1.21] | 9 studies · 1070 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Vitamin D vs placebo End‐study asthma control test score · children and adults with predominantly mild to moderate asthma Vitamin D for the management of asthma (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 1271 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Vitamin D vs placebo End‐study forced expiratory volume in 1 second, % predicted · children and adults with predominantly mild to moderate asthma Vitamin D for the management of asthma (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 1286 participants | High |
Summary of findings table ‐ Vitamin D vs placebo Proportion of participants with one or more serious adverse events due to any cause · children and adults with predominantly mild to moderate asthma Vitamin D for the management of asthma (2023) · Cochrane | OR 0.89 [0.56, 1.41] | 12 studies · 1556 participants | High |
Summary of findings table ‐ Vitamin D vs placebo Proportion of participants with fatal asthma exacerbation · children and adults with predominantly mild to moderate asthma Vitamin D for the management of asthma (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 16 studies · 1976 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Vitamin D vs placebo Withdrawals from trial · children and adults with predominantly mild to moderate asthma Vitamin D for the management of asthma (2023) · Cochrane | OR 1.05 [0.77, 1.43] | 20 studies · 2225 participants | High |
Triple therapy vs LABA/LAMA combination Outcomes (weighted · people with stable COPD Inhaled corticosteroids with combination inhaled long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Triple therapy vs LABA/LAMA combination Moderate‐to‐severe exacerbations (rate) · people with stable COPD Inhaled corticosteroids with combination inhaled long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.74 [0.67, 0.81] | 4 studies · 15397 participants | Low |
Triple therapy vs LABA/LAMA combination Severe exacerbations (rate) · people with stable COPD Inhaled corticosteroids with combination inhaled long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.67, 0.84] | 3 studies · 14131 participants | Low |
Triple therapy vs LABA/LAMA combination Respiratory HRQoL measured by SGRQ, ≥ 4‐point decrease from baseline (lower scores indicate better HRQoL) · people with stable COPD Inhaled corticosteroids with combination inhaled long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic… (2023) · Cochrane | OR 1.35 [1.26, 1.45] | 3 studies · 14070 participants | High |
Triple therapy vs LABA/LAMA combination Pneumonia (labelled as an SAE) · people with stable COPD Inhaled corticosteroids with combination inhaled long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic… (2023) · Cochrane | OR 1.74 [1.39, 2.18] | 4 studies · 15412 participants | Moderate |
Triple therapy vs LABA/LAMA combination All‐cause SAEs · people with stable COPD Inhaled corticosteroids with combination inhaled long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic… (2023) · Cochrane | OR 0.95 [0.87, 1.03] | 4 studies · 15412 participants | Low |
Triple therapy vs LABA/LAMA combination Symptom score TDI, ≥ 1‐unit increase (lower scores indicate worse dyspnoea) · people with stable COPD Inhaled corticosteroids with combination inhaled long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic… (2023) · Cochrane | OR 1.33 [1.13, 1.57] | 1 study · 3044 participants | Moderate |
Triple therapy vs LABA/LAMA combination Lung function, change in trough FEV1 (mL) · people with stable COPD Inhaled corticosteroids with combination inhaled long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic… (2023) · Cochrane | MD 38.68 [22.58, 54.77] | 4 studies · 11352 participants | Low |
Triple therapy vs LABA/LAMA combination Mortality (all‐cause) · people with stable COPD Inhaled corticosteroids with combination inhaled long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic… (2023) · Cochrane | OR 0.7 [0.54, 0.9] | 4 studies · 15397 participants | Low |
Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting beta‐agonist (LABA) vs LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) Exacerbations (number of people experiencing ≥ 1 exacerbations) · people with stable COPD Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting beta‐agonist (LABA) versus LABA plus inhaled… (2023) · Cochrane | OR 0.91 [0.78, 1.06] | 13 studies · 20960 participants | Moderate |
Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting beta‐agonist (LABA) vs LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) Serious adverse events (number of people experiencing ≥ 1 SAEs) · people with stable COPD Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting beta‐agonist (LABA) versus LABA plus inhaled… (2023) · Cochrane | OR 1.02 [0.91, 1.15] | 18 studies · 23183 participants | High |
Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting beta‐agonist (LABA) vs LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) Quality of life as measured by SGRQ total score change from baseline (MD) · people with stable COPD Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting beta‐agonist (LABA) versus LABA plus inhaled… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 14437 participants | Moderate |
Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting beta‐agonist (LABA) vs LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) Trough FEV1 change from baseline · people with stable COPD Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting beta‐agonist (LABA) versus LABA plus inhaled… (2023) · Cochrane | MD 0.07 [0.05, 0.08] | 12 studies · 14681 participants | Moderate |
Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting beta‐agonist (LABA) vs LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) Pneumonia · people with stable COPD Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting beta‐agonist (LABA) versus LABA plus inhaled… (2023) · Cochrane | OR 0.61 [0.52, 0.72] | 14 studies · 21829 participants | High |
Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting beta‐agonist (LABA) vs LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) All‐cause death · people with stable COPD Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting beta‐agonist (LABA) versus LABA plus inhaled… (2023) · Cochrane | OR 1.35 [1.05, 1.75] | 15 studies · 21510 participants | Moderate |
Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting beta‐agonist (LABA) vs LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) SGRQ total score change from baseline (≥ 4 points, MCID) · people with stable COPD Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting beta‐agonist (LABA) versus LABA plus inhaled… (2023) · Cochrane | OR 1.06 [0.9, 1.25] | 4 studies · 13614 participants | Moderate |
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors vs inactive control cAHI · adults with central sleep apnoea associated with heart failure Pharmacological treatment for central sleep apnoea in adults (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 12 participants | Very low |
Anxiolytics vs inactive control Cardiovascular mortality · adults with central sleep apnoea associated with heart failure Pharmacological treatment for central sleep apnoea in adults (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Anxiolytics vs inactive control Serious adverse events · adults with central sleep apnoea associated with heart failure Pharmacological treatment for central sleep apnoea in adults (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Anxiolytics vs inactive control Quality of sleep · adults with central sleep apnoea associated with heart failure Pharmacological treatment for central sleep apnoea in adults (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Anxiolytics vs inactive control Quality of life · adults with central sleep apnoea associated with heart failure Pharmacological treatment for central sleep apnoea in adults (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Anxiolytics vs inactive control AHI · adults with central sleep apnoea associated with heart failure Pharmacological treatment for central sleep apnoea in adults (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 16 participants | Ungraded |
Anxiolytics vs inactive control All‐cause mortality · adults with central sleep apnoea associated with heart failure Pharmacological treatment for central sleep apnoea in adults (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |