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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,353 questions in 210 reviews · Neonatal
current versionsNo studies 432 · 18.4%Ungraded 99 · 4.2%Very low 609 · 25.9%Low 737 · 31.3%Moderate 385 · 16.4%High 91 · 3.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Poor neurological outcome by 28 days' postnatal age · neonates requiring intubation and ventilation Intravenous midazolam infusion for sedation of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (2017) · Cochrane | RR 7.64 [1.02, 57.21] | 1 study · 46 participants | Moderate |
Inhaled steroids vs systemic steroids Death or BPD at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age · Neonates with developing BPD Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in ventilated very… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.86, 1.26] | 1 study · 292 participants | Moderate |
Inhaled steroids vs systemic steroids Diastolic blood pressure > 95th percentile at 7 years · Neonates with developing BPD Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in ventilated very… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 69 participants | Moderate |
Inhaled steroids vs systemic steroids Ever diagnosed as asthmatic by 7 years · Neonates with developing BPD Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in ventilated very… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.55, 1.39] | 1 study · 73 participants | Moderate |
Inhaled steroids vs systemic steroids Death or BPD at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age · Neonates with developing BPD Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in ventilated very… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.83, 1.05] | 1 study · 78 participants | Low |
Inhaled steroids vs systemic steroids BPD at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age · Neonates with developing BPD Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in ventilated very… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.88, 1.32] | 3 studies · 429 participants | Low |
Inhaled steroids vs systemic steroids Hyperglycaemia · Neonates with developing BPD Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in ventilated very… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.61, 1.22] | 3 studies · 429 participants | Low |
Inhaled steroids vs systemic steroids Hypertension · Neonates with developing BPD Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in ventilated very… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 | 3 studies · 429 participants | Low |
Inhaled steroids vs systemic steroids General conceptual ability (GCA) score at 7 years The test has a standardisation mean of 100 and SD of 15 · Neonates with developing BPD Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in ventilated very… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 74 participants | Moderate |
Inhaled steroids vs systemic steroids Moderate/severe disability at 7 years · Neonates with developing BPD Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in ventilated very… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.4 [0.49, 4.01] | 1 study · 74 participants | Moderate |
Inhaled steroids vs systemic steroids Death or moderate/severe disability at 7 years · Neonates with developing BPD Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in ventilated very… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.65, 1.58] | 1 study · 107 participants | Moderate |
Inhaled steroids vs systemic steroids Systolic blood pressure > 95th percentile at 7 years · Neonates with developing BPD Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in ventilated very… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.55 [0.25, 1.23] | 1 study · 70 participants | Moderate |
Inhaled steroids vs systemic corticosteroids Death or BPD at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age among all randomised · Preterm neonates with respiratory distress Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia in ventilated very low… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.88, 1.35] | 1 study · 278 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR BPD at 28 days · Preterm neonates with respiratory distress Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia in ventilated very low… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.14 [0.96, 1.34] | 2 studies · 233 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Ever diagnosed as asthmatic by 7 years of age · Preterm neonates with respiratory distress Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia in ventilated very low… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.42 [0.19, 0.94] | 1 study · 48 participants | Moderate |
Inhaled steroids vs systemic corticosteroids Death or BPD at 28 days · Preterm neonates with respiratory distress Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia in ventilated very low… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.93, 1.2] | 2 studies · 294 participants | Low |
Inhaled steroids vs systemic corticosteroids BPD at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age · Preterm neonates with respiratory distress Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia in ventilated very low… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.45 [0.99, 2.11] | 1 study · 278 participants | Moderate |
Inhaled steroids vs systemic corticosteroids BPD at 28 days · Preterm neonates with respiratory distress Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia in ventilated very low… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.21 [0.98, 1.48] | 2 studies · 294 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Duration of mechanical ventilation (days) · Preterm neonates with respiratory distress Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia in ventilated very low… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 294 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Duration of supplemental oxygen (days) · Preterm neonates with respiratory distress Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia in ventilated very low… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 294 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Hyperglycaemia · Preterm neonates with respiratory distress Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia in ventilated very low… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.52 [0.39, 0.71] | 1 study · 278 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Patent ductus arteriosus · Preterm neonates with respiratory distress Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia in ventilated very low… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.64 [1.23, 2.17] | 1 study · 278 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR BPD at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age · Preterm neonates with respiratory distress Inhaled versus systemic corticosteroids for preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia in ventilated very low… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.34 [0.94, 1.9] | 1 study · 206 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Mortality or CLD at 28/30 days · preterm infants Cromolyn sodium for the prevention of chronic lung disease in preterm infants (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.73, 1.52] | 2 studies · 64 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Mortality to 28 days · preterm infants Cromolyn sodium for the prevention of chronic lung disease in preterm infants (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.31 [0.52, 3.29] | 2 studies · 64 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR CLD at 28 days · preterm infants Cromolyn sodium for the prevention of chronic lung disease in preterm infants (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.53, 1.64] | 2 studies · 64 participants | Low |
Intervention NR CLD at 36 weeks' PMA · preterm infants Cromolyn sodium for the prevention of chronic lung disease in preterm infants (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.25 [0.43, 3.63] | 1 study · 26 participants | Low |
Intervention NR CLD among survivors to 28 days · preterm infants Cromolyn sodium for the prevention of chronic lung disease in preterm infants (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.58, 1.63] | 2 studies · 50 participants | Low |
Intervention NR CLD among survivors to 36 weeks' PMA · preterm infants Cromolyn sodium for the prevention of chronic lung disease in preterm infants (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.38, 2.87] | 1 study · 22 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Days on mechanical ventilation · preterm infants Cromolyn sodium for the prevention of chronic lung disease in preterm infants (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 28 participants | Low |
Feed thickener vs control Number of episodes of regurgitation or vomiting per day · Formula‐fed healthy term infants up to 6 months of age with gastro‐oesophageal reflux Feed thickener for infants up to six months of age with gastro‐oesophageal reflux (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 442 participants | Moderate |
Feed thickener vs control Proportion of infants without regurgitation or vomiting at the end of intervention period (asymptomatic infants) · Formula‐fed healthy term infants up to 6 months of age with gastro‐oesophageal reflux Feed thickener for infants up to six months of age with gastro‐oesophageal reflux (2017) · Cochrane | RR 2.5 [1.38, 4.51] | 2 studies · 186 participants | Low |
Feed thickener vs control Reflux index (percentage of time pH < 4) · Formula‐fed healthy term infants up to 6 months of age with gastro‐oesophageal reflux Feed thickener for infants up to six months of age with gastro‐oesophageal reflux (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 116 participants | Low |
Feed thickener vs control Number of reflux episodes lasting > 5 minutes · Formula‐fed healthy term infants up to 6 months of age with gastro‐oesophageal reflux Feed thickener for infants up to six months of age with gastro‐oesophageal reflux (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 116 participants | Low |
Feed thickener vs control Duration of longest reflux episode · Formula‐fed healthy term infants up to 6 months of age with gastro‐oesophageal reflux Feed thickener for infants up to six months of age with gastro‐oesophageal reflux (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 116 participants | Low |
Feed thickener vs control Diarrhoea · Formula‐fed healthy term infants up to 6 months of age with gastro‐oesophageal reflux Feed thickener for infants up to six months of age with gastro‐oesophageal reflux (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 511 participants | Low |
Calcium supplementation vs no calcium supplementation Weight (g) ‐ weight at 6 weeks · preterm hospitalised infants Calcium and phosphorus supplementation of human milk for preterm infants (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Low |
Calcium supplementation vs no calcium supplementation Length (cm) ‐ length at 6 weeks · preterm hospitalised infants Calcium and phosphorus supplementation of human milk for preterm infants (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Low |
Calcium supplementation vs no calcium supplementation Head circumference (cm) ‐ head circumference at 6 weeks · preterm hospitalised infants Calcium and phosphorus supplementation of human milk for preterm infants (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Low |
Calcium supplementation vs no calcium supplementation Bone fracture (neonatal) ‐ not measured · preterm hospitalised infants Calcium and phosphorus supplementation of human milk for preterm infants (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Calcium supplementation vs no calcium supplementation Growth (childhood/adulthood) ‐ not measured · preterm hospitalised infants Calcium and phosphorus supplementation of human milk for preterm infants (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Calcium supplementation vs no calcium supplementation Bone mineral density (infant/childhood/adulthood) ‐ not measured · preterm hospitalised infants Calcium and phosphorus supplementation of human milk for preterm infants (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Calcium supplementation vs no calcium supplementation Fracture (childhood/adulthood) ‐ not measured · preterm hospitalised infants Calcium and phosphorus supplementation of human milk for preterm infants (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Volume‐targeted vs pressure‐limited ventilation: main findings Death before discharge from hospital · neonates up to 44 weeks' postmenstrual age Volume‐targeted versus pressure‐limited ventilation in neonates (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.53, 1.07] | 11 studies · 771 participants | Low |
Volume‐targeted vs pressure‐limited ventilation: additional findings Addition of neuromuscular paralysis where previously not paralysed · neonates up to 44 weeks' postmenstrual age Volume‐targeted versus pressure‐limited ventilation in neonates (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.32 [0.07, 1.4] | 2 studies · 75 participants | Low |
Volume‐targeted vs pressure‐limited ventilation: additional findings Duration of positive pressure ventilation (log data) · neonates up to 44 weeks' postmenstrual age Volume‐targeted versus pressure‐limited ventilation in neonates (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 381 participants | Low |
Volume‐targeted vs pressure‐limited ventilation: additional findings Inspired oxygen concentration % (study definition) · neonates up to 44 weeks' postmenstrual age Volume‐targeted versus pressure‐limited ventilation in neonates (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 324 participants | Moderate |
Volume‐targeted vs pressure‐limited ventilation: additional findings Any pH < 7.25 · neonates up to 44 weeks' postmenstrual age Volume‐targeted versus pressure‐limited ventilation in neonates (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.52, 1.23] | 3 studies · 98 participants | Low |
Volume‐targeted vs pressure‐limited ventilation: additional findings Hypocarbia pCO2 < 35 mmHg/4.7 kPa · neonates up to 44 weeks' postmenstrual age Volume‐targeted versus pressure‐limited ventilation in neonates (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.49 [0.33, 0.72] | 3 studies · 98 participants | Moderate |
Volume‐targeted vs pressure‐limited ventilation: additional findings Respiratory acidosis pH < 7.25 and pCO2 > 60 mmHg/8 kPa · neonates up to 44 weeks' postmenstrual age Volume‐targeted versus pressure‐limited ventilation in neonates (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.51, 1.7] | 3 studies · 98 participants | Low |