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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,353 questions in 210 reviews · Neonatal
current versionsNo studies 432 · 18.4%Ungraded 99 · 4.2%Very low 609 · 25.9%Low 737 · 31.3%Moderate 385 · 16.4%High 91 · 3.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Lower vs higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth Necrotising enterocolitis · preterm infants Lower versus higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.51, 1.87] | 8 studies · 807 participants | Low |
Lower vs higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth Chronic lung disease (36 weeks' corrected age) · preterm infants Lower versus higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.72, 1.14] | 9 studies · 862 participants | Very low |
Systemic administration of beta‐blockers vs placebo or no treatment Severe visual impairment or blindness at 6 to 12 months' corrected age · Prevention of retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants Beta‐blockers for prevention and treatment of retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Systemic administration of beta‐blockers vs placebo or no treatment Rescue treatment with anti‐VEGF agents · Prevention of retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants Beta‐blockers for prevention and treatment of retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.32 [0.12, 0.86] | 3 studies · 366 participants | Low |
Systemic administration of beta‐blockers vs placebo or no treatment Treatment with laser photocoagulation or cryotherapy · Prevention of retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants Beta‐blockers for prevention and treatment of retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.54 [0.32, 0.89] | 3 studies · 366 participants | Low |
Systemic administration of beta‐blockers vs placebo or no treatment Progression to stage 2 with plus disease · Prevention of retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants Beta‐blockers for prevention and treatment of retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.25 [0.03, 2.16] | 2 studies · 161 participants | Moderate |
Systemic administration of beta‐blockers vs placebo or no treatment Progression to stage 3 ROP · Prevention of retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants Beta‐blockers for prevention and treatment of retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.37, 0.96] | 2 studies · 161 participants | Moderate |
Systemic administration of beta‐blockers vs placebo or no treatment Progression to stage 4 or 5 ROP · Prevention of retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants Beta‐blockers for prevention and treatment of retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.11 [0.01, 1.96] | 2 studies · 161 participants | Moderate |
Systemic administration of beta‐blockers vs placebo or no treatment Arterial hypotension and/or bradycardia requiring treatment · Prevention of retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants Beta‐blockers for prevention and treatment of retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants (2018) · Cochrane | RR 24.35 [1.32, 448.5] | 3 studies · 366 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Threshold · asymptomatic newborns at the time of pulse oximetry screening Pulse oximetry screening for critical congenital heart defects (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR 95% (less than or less than or equal to) · asymptomatic newborns at the time of pulse oximetry screening Pulse oximetry screening for critical congenital heart defects (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 19 studies · 436758 participants | Low |
Oropharyngeal colostrum (OPC) vs control (water, saline, or no intervention) Incidence of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) · preterm infants Oropharyngeal colostrum in preventing mortality and morbidity in preterm infants (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.42 [0.5, 4.02] | 6 studies · 335 participants | Very low |
Oropharyngeal colostrum (OPC) vs control (water, saline, or no intervention) Incidence of late‐onset sepsis · preterm infants Oropharyngeal colostrum in preventing mortality and morbidity in preterm infants (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.56, 1.33] | 6 studies · 335 participants | Very low |
Oropharyngeal colostrum (OPC) vs control (water, saline, or no intervention) Death before discharge to home · preterm infants Oropharyngeal colostrum in preventing mortality and morbidity in preterm infants (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.76 [0.34, 1.71] | 6 studies · 335 participants | Very low |
Oropharyngeal colostrum (OPC) vs control (water, saline, or no intervention) Days to full enteral feed · preterm infants Oropharyngeal colostrum in preventing mortality and morbidity in preterm infants (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 335 participants | Very low |
Oropharyngeal colostrum (OPC) vs control (water, saline, or no intervention) Length of hospital stay (days) · preterm infants Oropharyngeal colostrum in preventing mortality and morbidity in preterm infants (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 293 participants | Very low |
Oropharyngeal colostrum (OPC) vs control (water, saline, or no intervention) Pneumonia · preterm infants Oropharyngeal colostrum in preventing mortality and morbidity in preterm infants (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2.08 [0.54, 8.06] | 3 studies · 57 participants | Low |
Oropharyngeal colostrum (OPC) vs control (water, saline, or no intervention) Reported adverse effects · preterm infants Oropharyngeal colostrum in preventing mortality and morbidity in preterm infants (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 335 participants | Very low |
Antibiotics on removal of central venous catheter vs no antibiotics Late‐onset blood steam infection · newborn infants undergoing removal of central venous catheter Antibiotics at the time of removal of central venous catheter to reduce morbidity and mortality in newborn… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.09 [0.01, 1.6] | 1 study · 88 participants | Low |
Antibiotics on removal of central venous catheter vs no antibiotics Neonatal mortality · newborn infants undergoing removal of central venous catheter Antibiotics at the time of removal of central venous catheter to reduce morbidity and mortality in newborn… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 88 participants | Low |
Antibiotics on removal of central venous catheter vs no antibiotics All‐cause mortality before hospital discharge · newborn infants undergoing removal of central venous catheter Antibiotics at the time of removal of central venous catheter to reduce morbidity and mortality in newborn… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 88 participants | Low |
Antibiotics on removal of central venous catheter vs no antibiotics Infection‐related mortality before hospital discharge · newborn infants undergoing removal of central venous catheter Antibiotics at the time of removal of central venous catheter to reduce morbidity and mortality in newborn… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 88 participants | Low |
Antibiotics on removal of central venous catheter vs no antibiotics Central line‐associated blood stream infection · newborn infants undergoing removal of central venous catheter Antibiotics at the time of removal of central venous catheter to reduce morbidity and mortality in newborn… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.09 [0.01, 1.6] | 1 study · 88 participants | Low |
Respiratory support vs no respiratory support before cord clamping Mortality ≤2 years after hospital discharge · preterm infants Provision of respiratory support compared to no respiratory support before cord clamping for preterm infants (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.67 [0.41, 6.73] | 150 participants | Low |
Respiratory support vs no respiratory support before cord clamping Inotropic support for hypotension · preterm infants Provision of respiratory support compared to no respiratory support before cord clamping for preterm infants (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.25 [0.63, 2.49] | 150 participants | Low |
Respiratory support vs no respiratory support before cord clamping Peak haematocrit · preterm infants Provision of respiratory support compared to no respiratory support before cord clamping for preterm infants (2018) · Cochrane | MD 0.2 | 150 participants | Moderate |
Respiratory support vs no respiratory support before cord clamping Blood transfusion during neonatal admission · preterm infants Provision of respiratory support compared to no respiratory support before cord clamping for preterm infants (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.7, 1.54] | 150 participants | Moderate |
Respiratory support vs no respiratory support before cord clamping Phototherapy for hyperbilirubinaemia · preterm infants Provision of respiratory support compared to no respiratory support before cord clamping for preterm infants (2018) · Cochrane | MD 0.2 | 150 participants | Moderate |
Respiratory support vs no respiratory support before cord clamping Intraventricular haemorrhage (of any grade) · preterm infants Provision of respiratory support compared to no respiratory support before cord clamping for preterm infants (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.5 [0.65, 3.46] | 150 participants | Low |
Respiratory support vs no respiratory support before cord clamping Severe intraventricular haemorrhage grade 3 or 4 · preterm infants Provision of respiratory support compared to no respiratory support before cord clamping for preterm infants (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.33 [0.31, 5.75] | 150 participants | Very low |
Probiotics administered to pregnant women at risk of preterm birth vs placebo or no intervention Preterm birth < 37 weeks' gestation · prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants Maternal probiotic supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.32, 2.67] | 4 studies · 518 participants | Low |
Probiotics administered to pregnant women at risk of preterm birth vs placebo or no intervention Culture‐proven sepsis with supplemented probiotic · prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants Maternal probiotic supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Probiotics administered exclusively after birth in mothers of preterm infants vs maternal placebo or no intervention Any necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) · prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants Maternal probiotic supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.44 [0.13, 1.46] | 1 study · 58 participants | Low |
Probiotics administered exclusively after birth in mothers of preterm infants vs maternal placebo or no intervention Death prior to hospital discharge · prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants Maternal probiotic supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.66 [0.06, 6.88] | 1 study · 58 participants | Low |
Probiotics administered exclusively after birth in mothers of preterm infants vs maternal placebo or no intervention Death or NEC · prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants Maternal probiotic supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.53 [0.19, 1.49] | 1 study · 58 participants | Low |
Probiotics administered exclusively after birth in mothers of preterm infants vs maternal placebo or no intervention Surgery for NEC · prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants Maternal probiotic supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.15 [0.01, 2.58] | 1 study · 58 participants | Low |
Probiotics administered exclusively after birth in mothers of preterm infants vs maternal placebo or no intervention Neonatal sepsis · prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants Maternal probiotic supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.32 [0.48, 3.61] | 1 study · 58 participants | Low |
Probiotics administered exclusively after birth in mothers of preterm infants vs maternal placebo or no intervention Culture‐proven sepsis with probiotic organism · prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants Maternal probiotic supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 58 participants | Low |
Probiotics administered exclusively after birth in mothers of preterm infants vs maternal placebo or no intervention Feeding with more than 50% breast milk (days) · prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants Maternal probiotic supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 58 participants | Low |
Probiotics administered to pregnant women at risk of preterm birth vs placebo or no intervention Preterm birth < 34 weeks' gestation · prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants Maternal probiotic supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 287 participants | Very low |
Probiotics administered to pregnant women at risk of preterm birth vs placebo or no intervention Gestational age at birth (weeks) · prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants Maternal probiotic supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 207 participants | Low |
Probiotics administered to pregnant women at risk of preterm birth vs placebo or no intervention Death · prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants Maternal probiotic supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 298 participants | Low |
Probiotics administered to pregnant women at risk of preterm birth vs placebo or no intervention Miscarriage/stillbirth · prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants Maternal probiotic supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.79 [0.2, 3.14] | 2 studies · 320 participants | Low |
Probiotics administered to pregnant women at risk of preterm birth vs placebo or no intervention Neonatal sepsis ≤ 3 days · prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants Maternal probiotic supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 162 participants | Very low |
Probiotics administered to pregnant women at risk of preterm birth vs placebo or no intervention Severe necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) (Bell stage II or more) · prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants Maternal probiotic supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Probiotics administered to pregnant women at risk of preterm birth vs placebo or no intervention Death or severe NEC · prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants Maternal probiotic supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Probiotics administered to pregnant women at risk of preterm birth vs placebo or no intervention Late‐onset sepsis · prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants Maternal probiotic supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Death or major neurodevelopmental disability in infancy · late preterm or term newborns with hypoxic‐ischaemic encephalopathy Xenon as an adjuvant to therapeutic hypothermia in near‐term and term newborns with hypoxic‐ischaemic… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Mortality at latest reported age · late preterm or term newborns with hypoxic‐ischaemic encephalopathy Xenon as an adjuvant to therapeutic hypothermia in near‐term and term newborns with hypoxic‐ischaemic… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.22 [0.56, 2.67] | 1 study · 92 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Major neurodevelopmental disability in infancy · late preterm or term newborns with hypoxic‐ischaemic encephalopathy Xenon as an adjuvant to therapeutic hypothermia in near‐term and term newborns with hypoxic‐ischaemic… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |