What do systematic reviews say?

Primary outcome: topical local anaesthetics vs non‐opioid analgesics

• Pain relief in hysterosalpingography 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 100 participants
  Very low

Primary outcome: topical local anaesthetics vs placebo or no treatment

• Pain relief in hysterosalpingography 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 166 participants
  Very low

Oral opioid analgesics vs placebo or no treatment

• Pain relief in hysterosalpingography 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 128 participants
  Moderate

Oral non‐opioid analgesics vs placebo or no treatment

• Pain relief in hysterosalpingography 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 133 participants
  Low

MMC vs 5‐FU

MMC showed no clear difference in loss of 2 or more lines of Snellen visual acuity at 1 year compared with 5‐FU (low certainty).

• Mitomycin C versus 5‐Fluorouracil for wound healing in glaucoma surgery 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2 [0.53, 7.59]
  5 studies · 328 participants
  Low

Maintenance LTRA vs placebo

Maintenance LTRA showed no clear difference in number of participants experiencing one or more episode requiring… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Leukotriene receptor antagonists as maintenance and intermittent therapy for episodic viral wheeze in children 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.2 [0.7, 2.06]
  1 study · 347 participants
  Moderate

Maintenance LTRA vs placebo

Maintenance LTRA showed no clear difference in number of participants experiencing one or more episodes requiring… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Leukotriene receptor antagonists as maintenance and intermittent therapy for episodic viral wheeze in children 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.66 [0.37, 1.2]
  1 study · 347 participants
  Moderate

Maintenance LTRA vs placebo

Maintenance LTRA showed no clear difference in number of participants experiencing one or more episodes requiring… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Leukotriene receptor antagonists as maintenance and intermittent therapy for episodic viral wheeze in children 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.65 [0.23, 1.87]
  1 study · 347 participants
  Moderate

Intermittent LTRA vs placebo

Intermittent LTRA showed no clear difference in number of participants experiencing one or more episode requiring… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Leukotriene receptor antagonists as maintenance and intermittent therapy for episodic viral wheeze in children 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.85 [0.64, 1.14]
  2 studies · 343 participants
  Moderate

Intermittent LTRA vs placebo

Intermittent LTRA showed no clear difference in number of participants experiencing one or more episodes requiring… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Leukotriene receptor antagonists as maintenance and intermittent therapy for episodic viral wheeze in children 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1 [0.49, 2.02]
  1 study · 141 participants
  Moderate

Intermittent LTRA vs placebo

Intermittent LTRA showed no clear difference in number of participants experiencing one or more episodes requiring… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Leukotriene receptor antagonists as maintenance and intermittent therapy for episodic viral wheeze in children 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.73 [0.2, 2.73]
  1 study · 141 participants
  Moderate

Combined surgery vs phacoemulsification alone

Combined surgery may leads to lower proportion using one or more medications at one year after surgery… compared with phacoemulsification alone (low certainty).

• Combined surgery versus cataract surgery alone for eyes with cataract and glaucoma 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.47 [0.28, 0.8]
  5 studies · 453 participants
  Low

Planned early birth vs expectant management

Planned early delivery showed no clear difference in major neonatal morbidity one or more of the following: hypoxic… compared with expectant management (low certainty).

• Planned early delivery versus expectant management of the term suspected compromised baby for improving outcomes 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.15 [0.01, 2.81]
  1 study · 459 participants
  Low

Planned early birth vs expectant management

Planned early delivery showed no clear difference in significant maternal morbidity one or more of the following:… compared with expectant management (low certainty).

• Planned early delivery versus expectant management of the term suspected compromised baby for improving outcomes 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.92 [0.38, 2.22]
  1 study · 459 participants
  Low

Tiotropium vs ipratropium

Tiotropium leads to lower patients with one or more exacerbations compared with ipratropium (high certainty).

• Tiotropium versus ipratropium bromide for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.71 [0.52, 0.95]
  2 studies · 1073 participants
  High

CBT vs waiting list control

It is very uncertain whether CBT changes depression scales (BDI‐II, HAM‐D and HADS); higher score means more… compared with wait‐list control (very low certainty).

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for depression in adults and children with traumatic brain injury 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 146 participants
  Very low

CBT vs supportive psychotherapy

It is very uncertain whether CBT changes beck Depression Inventory (BDI); higher score means more depressed compared with supportive Psychotherapy (very low certainty).

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for depression in adults and children with traumatic brain injury 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 48 participants
  Very low

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) vs rTMS plus Tricyclic Anti‐depressant

It is very uncertain whether repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) changes hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM‐D); higher score means… compared with rTMS plus Tricyclic Anti‐depressant (very low certainty).

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for depression in adults and children with traumatic brain injury 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 63 participants
  Very low

Supervised exercised vs exercise

Supervised exercised showed no clear difference in beck Depression Inventory (BDI); higher score means more depression compared with exercise (low certainty).

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for depression in adults and children with traumatic brain injury 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 77 participants
  Low

Any intermittent iron regimen (with or without other vitamins and minerals) vs daily regimen (with same vitamins and minerals)‐maternal outcomes

It is very uncertain whether any intermittent iron regimen (with or without other vitamins and… changes maternal anaemia at term (Hb less than 110 g/L at 37 weeks'… compared with daily regimen (with same vitamins and minerals)‐maternal outcomes (very low certainty).

• Intermittent oral iron supplementation during pregnancy 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.22 [0.84, 1.8]
  4 studies · 676 participants
  Very low