What do systematic reviews say?

Exposure vs no exposure to the smell and taste of milk with tube feeds

• Exposure to the smell and taste of milk to accelerate feeding in preterm infants 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Oral stimulation vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Oral stimulation for promoting oral feeding in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Oral stimulation vs non‐oral intervention

• Oral stimulation for promoting oral feeding in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 268 participants
  Very low

Summary of findings table ‐ Quality and volume of gastric residual vs quality of gastric residual alone

• Routine monitoring of gastric residual for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 87 participants
  Low

Summary of findings table ‐ routine monitoring vs no routine monitoring of gastric residual

• Routine monitoring of gastric residual for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 334 participants
  Moderate

Summary of findings table ‐ routine monitoring vs no routine monitoring of gastric residual

• Routine monitoring of gastric residual for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 334 participants
  Moderate

Summary of findings table ‐ Quality and volume of gastric residual vs quality of gastric residual alone

• Routine monitoring of gastric residual for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 87 participants
  Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Re‐feeding vs discarding gastric residuals

• Re‐feeding versus discarding gastric residuals to improve growth in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 59 participants
  Low

Continuous vs intermittent bolus (nasogastric and orogastric tube) milk feeding ‐ all preterm infants less than 1500 grams

• Continuous nasogastric milk feeding versus intermittent bolus milk feeding for preterm infants less than 1500 grams 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  7 studies · 628 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in time to achieve full enteral feeding (days) (low certainty).

• Early erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents in preterm or low birth weight infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 50 participants
  Low

Early vs late fortification of human milk

• Early fortification of human milk versus late fortification to promote growth in preterm infants 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 237 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention may leads to higher feeding interruption requiring parenteral nutrition (low certainty).

• Human milk‐derived fortifier versus bovine milk‐derived fortifier for prevention of mortality and morbidity in preterm… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.86
  1 study · 125 participants
  Low

Oropharyngeal colostrum (OPC) vs No treatment or saline or water

• Oropharyngeal colostrum in preventing mortality and morbidity in preterm infants 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 335 participants
  Very low

Alternative lipid emulsion (LE) vs S‐LE

• Lipid emulsions for parenterally fed preterm infants 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 123 participants
  Low
• Alternative lipid emulsions versus pure soy oil based lipid emulsions for parenterally fed preterm infants 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 497 participants
  Very low

Alternative lipid emulsion (LE) vs S‐LE

Alternative lipid emulsion (LE) showed no clear difference in any BPD – OS‐LE vs S‐LE (sensitivity analysis) compared with soybean oil‐based LE (S‐LE) (low certainty).

• Lipid emulsions for parenterally fed preterm infants 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.01 [0.57, 1.79]
  3 studies · 197 participants
  Low
• Alternative lipid emulsions versus pure soy oil based lipid emulsions for parenterally fed preterm infants 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.84 [0.63, 1.12]
  7 studies · 602 participants
  Very low

Slow vs faster rates of enteral feed advancement

Slow showed no clear difference in necrotising enterocolitis before hospital discharge compared with faster rates of enteral feed advancement (moderate certainty).

• Slow advancement of enteral feed volumes to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.06 [0.83, 1.37]
  14 studies · 4026 participants
  Moderate

Slow vs faster rates of enteral feed advancement

Slow showed no clear difference in mortality before hospital discharge compared with faster rates of enteral feed advancement (moderate certainty).

• Slow advancement of enteral feed volumes to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.13 [0.91, 1.39]
  13 studies · 3860 participants
  Moderate

Slow vs faster rates of enteral feed advancement

Slow may leads to higher feed intolerance before hospital discharge compared with faster rates of enteral feed advancement (low certainty).

• Slow advancement of enteral feed volumes to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.18
  9 studies · 719 participants
  Low

Slow vs faster rates of enteral feed advancement

Slow showed no clear difference in invasive infection before hospital discharge compared with faster rates of enteral feed advancement (low certainty).

• Slow advancement of enteral feed volumes to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.14 [0.99, 1.31]
  11 studies · 3583 participants
  Low

Fish oil lipid emulsion (LE) vs non‐fish oil LE

• Lipid emulsions for parenterally fed preterm infants 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 347 participants
  Low