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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,361 questions in 120 reviews · Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems
current versionsNo studies 286 · 21%Ungraded 61 · 4.5%Very low 381 · 28%Low 381 · 28%Moderate 228 · 16.8%High 24 · 1.8%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Comparison 1: donepezil vs placebo Carer stress · people with Down syndrome Pharmacological interventions for cognitive decline in people with Down syndrome (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Comparison 1: donepezil vs placebo Institutional/home care · people with Down syndrome Pharmacological interventions for cognitive decline in people with Down syndrome (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Comparison 1: donepezil vs placebo Death · people with Down syndrome Pharmacological interventions for cognitive decline in people with Down syndrome (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Comparison 2: memantine vs placebo Cognitive abilities (various scales) · people with Down syndrome Pharmacological interventions for cognitive decline in people with Down syndrome (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 184 participants | Low |
Comparison 2: memantine vs placebo Behavioural problems (various scales) · people with Down syndrome Pharmacological interventions for cognitive decline in people with Down syndrome (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 186 participants | Low |
Comparison 2: memantine vs placebo Adverse events · people with Down syndrome Pharmacological interventions for cognitive decline in people with Down syndrome (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.45 [0.18, 1.17] | 2 studies · 211 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Hyperactivity · adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Immediate-release methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 245 participants | High |
Intervention NR Impulsivity · adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Immediate-release methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 207 participants | High |
Intervention NR Inattentiveness · adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Immediate-release methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 391 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Overall change · adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Immediate-release methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 455 participants | High |
Intervention NR CI: confidence interval. · adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Immediate-release methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) vs placebo Efficacy for ADHD symptoms (parents using a rating scale) ‐ desipramine · Children and adolescents with ADHD Tricyclic antidepressants for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 99 participants | Low |
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) vs placebo Efficacy for ADHD symptoms (teachers using a rating scale) ‐ desipramine · Children and adolescents with ADHD Tricyclic antidepressants for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 89 participants | Low |
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) vs placebo CGI (response rate) ‐ desipramine and nortriptyline · Children and adolescents with ADHD Tricyclic antidepressants for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents (2014) · Cochrane | OR 18.5 [6.29, 54.39] | 3 studies · 125 participants | Low |
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) vs placebo Clinical global impression (response rate) ‐ desipramine · Children and adolescents with ADHD Tricyclic antidepressants for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents (2014) · Cochrane | OR 26.41 [7.41, 94.18] | 2 studies · 103 participants | Low |
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) vs placebo All‐cause treatment discontinuation ‐ desipramine · Children and adolescents with ADHD Tricyclic antidepressants for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 134 participants | Very low |
Desipramine vs clonidine Efficacy for ADHD symptoms (parent‐rated symptoms using VAS) · Children and adolescents with ADHD Tricyclic antidepressants for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 68 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Symptom Level: Communication Various measures, including: Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) Conversation Skills Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) (level of eye‐contact) · People with autism spectrum disorder Interventions based on the Theory of Mind cognitive model for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 17 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Symptom Level: Social Interaction Various measures, including: Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) Communication and Symbolic Behaviour Scale (CSBS) Early Social Communication Scales (ESCS) PDD‐BI social approach subscale Precursors of J... · People with autism spectrum disorder Interventions based on the Theory of Mind cognitive model for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 17 participants | Low |
Intervention NR General Communication Ability (e.g. vocabulary) Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) Reynell Developmental Language Scales · People with autism spectrum disorder Interventions based on the Theory of Mind cognitive model for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 71 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Theory of Mind ability Various measures, including: False‐belief tasks Happe's Strange Stories Faux‐Pas Recognition Test NEPSY‐II ToM tasks The ToM Test · People with autism spectrum disorder Interventions based on the Theory of Mind cognitive model for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 27 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Primary: Child intellectual development (cognitive ability) As assessed by 4 modified subscales of the British Ability Scale, which were summed for this review · children younger than five years of age Centre‐based day care for children younger than five years of age in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 256 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Primary: Child Intellectual development (attainment of educational goals) · children younger than five years of age Centre‐based day care for children younger than five years of age in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Secondary: Child behaviour · children younger than five years of age Centre‐based day care for children younger than five years of age in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Secondary: Disrupted child attachment · children younger than five years of age Centre‐based day care for children younger than five years of age in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Secondary: Paid parental employment · children younger than five years of age Centre‐based day care for children younger than five years of age in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Child cognitive ability As assessed by the Griffith Mental Development scale at 18‐month · children younger than five years of age and their families Centre‐based day care for children younger than five years of age in high‐income countries (2014) · Cochrane | SMD 0.34 | 1 study · 127 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Child psychosocial development Parents reporting their child develops abnormally · children younger than five years of age and their families Centre‐based day care for children younger than five years of age in high‐income countries (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.21 [0.25, 5.78] | 1 study · 137 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Paid maternal employment Mothers in full‐time or part‐time employment · children younger than five years of age and their families Centre‐based day care for children younger than five years of age in high‐income countries (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.85, 1.48] | 1 study · 114 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Paid maternal employment Maternal hours per week in paid employment · children younger than five years of age and their families Centre‐based day care for children younger than five years of age in high‐income countries (2014) · Cochrane | SMD 0.2 | 1 study · 127 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Household income Households with weekly income > £200 · children younger than five years of age and their families Centre‐based day care for children younger than five years of age in high‐income countries (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.57, 1.29] | 1 study · 113 participants | Very low |
Iron therapy vs placebo Bayley Scale PDI within 30 days of commencement of therapy · children less than 3 years of age with iron deficiency anaemia Iron therapy for improving psychomotor development and cognitive function in children under the age of three… (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 162 participants | Low |
Iron therapy vs placebo Bayley Scale MDI within 30 days of commencement of therapy · children less than 3 years of age with iron deficiency anaemia Iron therapy for improving psychomotor development and cognitive function in children under the age of three… (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 164 participants | Low |
Iron therapy vs placebo Bayley Scale PDI more than 30 days of commencement of therapy · children less than 3 years of age with iron deficiency anaemia Iron therapy for improving psychomotor development and cognitive function in children under the age of three… (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 47 participants | Moderate |
Iron therapy vs placebo Bayley Scale MDI more than 30 days of commencement of therapy · children less than 3 years of age with iron deficiency anaemia Iron therapy for improving psychomotor development and cognitive function in children under the age of three… (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 47 participants | Moderate |
Iron therapy vs placebo Denver Developmental Screening Test more than 30 days of commencement of therapy · children less than 3 years of age with iron deficiency anaemia Iron therapy for improving psychomotor development and cognitive function in children under the age of three… (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 97 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Episodes of relationship violence (events) (0‐12 months) · adolescents and young adults (aged 12‐25 years) Educational and skills‐based interventions for preventing relationship and dating violence in adolescents… (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.64, 1.02] | 8 studies · 3405 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Physical health · adolescents and young adults (aged 12‐25 years) Educational and skills‐based interventions for preventing relationship and dating violence in adolescents… (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Psychosocial health · adolescents and young adults (aged 12‐25 years) Educational and skills‐based interventions for preventing relationship and dating violence in adolescents… (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Attitudes towards relationship violence (0‐12 months) (higher score = less accepting of dating violence) · adolescents and young adults (aged 12‐25 years) Educational and skills‐based interventions for preventing relationship and dating violence in adolescents… (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 22 studies · 5256 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Behaviour in relationship violence (0‐12 months) (higher score = more positive behaviour) · adolescents and young adults (aged 12‐25 years) Educational and skills‐based interventions for preventing relationship and dating violence in adolescents… (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 887 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Knowledge of relationship violence (0‐12 months) (higher score = better knowledge) · adolescents and young adults (aged 12‐25 years) Educational and skills‐based interventions for preventing relationship and dating violence in adolescents… (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 6206 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Skills related to relationship violence (0‐12 months) (higher score = better skills) · adolescents and young adults (aged 12‐25 years) Educational and skills‐based interventions for preventing relationship and dating violence in adolescents… (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 1369 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Number reoffendingadministrative data · Offenders aged 7 to 21 years Restorative justice conferencing for reducing recidivism in young offenders (aged 7 to 21) (2013) · Cochrane | OR 1 [0.59, 1.71] | 2 studies · 1029 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Post‐intervention monthly offending rate (any offence)administrative data · Offenders aged 7 to 21 years Restorative justice conferencing for reducing recidivism in young offenders (aged 7 to 21) (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 321 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Remorseparticipant interviews · Offenders aged 7 to 21 years Restorative justice conferencing for reducing recidivism in young offenders (aged 7 to 21) (2013) · Cochrane | OR 1.73 [0.97, 3.1] | 2 studies · 217 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Recognition of wrongdoingparticipant interviews · Offenders aged 7 to 21 years Restorative justice conferencing for reducing recidivism in young offenders (aged 7 to 21) (2013) · Cochrane | OR 1.97 [0.81, 4.8] | 2 studies · 217 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Self‐perceptionparticipant interviews · Offenders aged 7 to 21 years Restorative justice conferencing for reducing recidivism in young offenders (aged 7 to 21) (2013) · Cochrane | OR 0.95 [0.55, 1.63] | 2 studies · 217 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Young offender satisfactionparticipant interviews · Offenders aged 7 to 21 years Restorative justice conferencing for reducing recidivism in young offenders (aged 7 to 21) (2013) · Cochrane | OR 0.42 [0.05, 3.81] | 2 studies · 467 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Victim/key stakeholder satisfaction with overall processparticipant interviews · Offenders aged 7 to 21 years Restorative justice conferencing for reducing recidivism in young offenders (aged 7 to 21) (2013) · Cochrane | OR 4.03 [0.59, 27.75] | 2 studies · 428 participants | Very low |