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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

Limit to evidence status or GRADE (optional)

1,361 questions in 120 reviews · Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems

current versions
No studies 286 · 21%Ungraded 61 · 4.5%Very low 381 · 28%Low 381 · 28%Moderate 228 · 16.8%High 24 · 1.8%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

QuestionEffectEvidenceStatus / GRADE
Comparison 1: donepezil vs placebo
Carer stress · people with Down syndrome
Pharmacological interventions for cognitive decline in people with Down syndrome (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Comparison 1: donepezil vs placebo
Institutional/home care · people with Down syndrome
Pharmacological interventions for cognitive decline in people with Down syndrome (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Comparison 1: donepezil vs placebo
Death · people with Down syndrome
Pharmacological interventions for cognitive decline in people with Down syndrome (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Comparison 2: memantine vs placebo
Cognitive abilities (various scales) · people with Down syndrome
Pharmacological interventions for cognitive decline in people with Down syndrome (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted2 studies · 184 participantsLow
Comparison 2: memantine vs placebo
Behavioural problems (various scales) · people with Down syndrome
Pharmacological interventions for cognitive decline in people with Down syndrome (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted2 studies · 186 participantsLow
Comparison 2: memantine vs placebo
Adverse events · people with Down syndrome
Pharmacological interventions for cognitive decline in people with Down syndrome (2015) · Cochrane
OR 0.45 [0.18, 1.17]2 studies · 211 participantsLow
Intervention NR
Hyperactivity · adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Immediate-release methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults (2014) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted6 studies · 245 participantsHigh
Intervention NR
Impulsivity · adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Immediate-release methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults (2014) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted5 studies · 207 participantsHigh
Intervention NR
Inattentiveness · adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Immediate-release methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults (2014) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted7 studies · 391 participantsModerate
Intervention NR
Overall change · adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Immediate-release methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults (2014) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted9 studies · 455 participantsHigh
Intervention NR
CI: confidence interval. · adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Immediate-release methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults (2014) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) vs placebo
Efficacy for ADHD symptoms (parents using a rating scale) ‐ desipramine · Children and adolescents with ADHD
Tricyclic antidepressants for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents (2014) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted2 studies · 99 participantsLow
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) vs placebo
Efficacy for ADHD symptoms (teachers using a rating scale) ‐ desipramine · Children and adolescents with ADHD
Tricyclic antidepressants for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents (2014) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted2 studies · 89 participantsLow
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) vs placebo
CGI (response rate) ‐ desipramine and nortriptyline · Children and adolescents with ADHD
Tricyclic antidepressants for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents (2014) · Cochrane
OR 18.5 [6.29, 54.39]3 studies · 125 participantsLow
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) vs placebo
Clinical global impression (response rate) ‐ desipramine · Children and adolescents with ADHD
Tricyclic antidepressants for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents (2014) · Cochrane
OR 26.41 [7.41, 94.18]2 studies · 103 participantsLow
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) vs placebo
All‐cause treatment discontinuation ‐ desipramine · Children and adolescents with ADHD
Tricyclic antidepressants for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents (2014) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted3 studies · 134 participantsVery low
Desipramine vs clonidine
Efficacy for ADHD symptoms (parent‐rated symptoms using VAS) · Children and adolescents with ADHD
Tricyclic antidepressants for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents (2014) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 68 participantsVery low
Intervention NR
Symptom Level: Communication Various measures, including: Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) Conversation Skills Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) (level of eye‐contact) · People with autism spectrum disorder
Interventions based on the Theory of Mind cognitive model for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (2014) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted17 participantsVery low
Intervention NR
Symptom Level: Social Interaction Various measures, including: Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) Communication and Symbolic Behaviour Scale (CSBS) Early Social Communication Scales (ESCS) PDD‐BI social approach subscale Precursors of J... · People with autism spectrum disorder
Interventions based on the Theory of Mind cognitive model for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (2014) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted17 participantsLow
Intervention NR
General Communication Ability (e.g. vocabulary) Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) Reynell Developmental Language Scales · People with autism spectrum disorder
Interventions based on the Theory of Mind cognitive model for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (2014) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted71 participantsVery low
Intervention NR
Theory of Mind ability Various measures, including: False‐belief tasks Happe's Strange Stories Faux‐Pas Recognition Test NEPSY‐II ToM tasks The ToM Test · People with autism spectrum disorder
Interventions based on the Theory of Mind cognitive model for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (2014) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted27 participantsVery low
Intervention NR
Primary: Child intellectual development (cognitive ability) As assessed by 4 modified subscales of the British Ability Scale, which were summed for this review · children younger than five years of age
Centre‐based day care for children younger than five years of age in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2014) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 256 participantsVery low
Intervention NR
Primary: Child Intellectual development (attainment of educational goals) · children younger than five years of age
Centre‐based day care for children younger than five years of age in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2014) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Secondary: Child behaviour · children younger than five years of age
Centre‐based day care for children younger than five years of age in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2014) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Secondary: Disrupted child attachment · children younger than five years of age
Centre‐based day care for children younger than five years of age in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2014) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Secondary: Paid parental employment · children younger than five years of age
Centre‐based day care for children younger than five years of age in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2014) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Child cognitive ability As assessed by the Griffith Mental Development scale at 18‐month · children younger than five years of age and their families
Centre‐based day care for children younger than five years of age in high‐income countries (2014) · Cochrane
SMD 0.341 study · 127 participantsVery low
Intervention NR
Child psychosocial development Parents reporting their child develops abnormally · children younger than five years of age and their families
Centre‐based day care for children younger than five years of age in high‐income countries (2014) · Cochrane
RR 1.21 [0.25, 5.78]1 study · 137 participantsVery low
Intervention NR
Paid maternal employment Mothers in full‐time or part‐time employment · children younger than five years of age and their families
Centre‐based day care for children younger than five years of age in high‐income countries (2014) · Cochrane
RR 1.12 [0.85, 1.48]1 study · 114 participantsVery low
Intervention NR
Paid maternal employment Maternal hours per week in paid employment · children younger than five years of age and their families
Centre‐based day care for children younger than five years of age in high‐income countries (2014) · Cochrane
SMD 0.21 study · 127 participantsVery low
Intervention NR
Household income Households with weekly income > £200 · children younger than five years of age and their families
Centre‐based day care for children younger than five years of age in high‐income countries (2014) · Cochrane
RR 0.86 [0.57, 1.29]1 study · 113 participantsVery low
Iron therapy vs placebo
Bayley Scale PDI within 30 days of commencement of therapy · children less than 3 years of age with iron deficiency anaemia
Iron therapy for improving psychomotor development and cognitive function in children under the age of three… (2013) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted5 studies · 162 participantsLow
Iron therapy vs placebo
Bayley Scale MDI within 30 days of commencement of therapy · children less than 3 years of age with iron deficiency anaemia
Iron therapy for improving psychomotor development and cognitive function in children under the age of three… (2013) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted5 studies · 164 participantsLow
Iron therapy vs placebo
Bayley Scale PDI more than 30 days of commencement of therapy · children less than 3 years of age with iron deficiency anaemia
Iron therapy for improving psychomotor development and cognitive function in children under the age of three… (2013) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 47 participantsModerate
Iron therapy vs placebo
Bayley Scale MDI more than 30 days of commencement of therapy · children less than 3 years of age with iron deficiency anaemia
Iron therapy for improving psychomotor development and cognitive function in children under the age of three… (2013) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 47 participantsModerate
Iron therapy vs placebo
Denver Developmental Screening Test more than 30 days of commencement of therapy · children less than 3 years of age with iron deficiency anaemia
Iron therapy for improving psychomotor development and cognitive function in children under the age of three… (2013) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 97 participantsModerate
Intervention NR
Episodes of relationship violence (events) (0‐12 months) · adolescents and young adults (aged 12‐25 years)
Educational and skills‐based interventions for preventing relationship and dating violence in adolescents… (2013) · Cochrane
RR 0.81 [0.64, 1.02]8 studies · 3405 participantsModerate
Intervention NR
Physical health · adolescents and young adults (aged 12‐25 years)
Educational and skills‐based interventions for preventing relationship and dating violence in adolescents… (2013) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Psychosocial health · adolescents and young adults (aged 12‐25 years)
Educational and skills‐based interventions for preventing relationship and dating violence in adolescents… (2013) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Attitudes towards relationship violence (0‐12 months) (higher score = less accepting of dating violence) · adolescents and young adults (aged 12‐25 years)
Educational and skills‐based interventions for preventing relationship and dating violence in adolescents… (2013) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted22 studies · 5256 participantsModerate
Intervention NR
Behaviour in relationship violence (0‐12 months) (higher score = more positive behaviour) · adolescents and young adults (aged 12‐25 years)
Educational and skills‐based interventions for preventing relationship and dating violence in adolescents… (2013) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted4 studies · 887 participantsModerate
Intervention NR
Knowledge of relationship violence (0‐12 months) (higher score = better knowledge) · adolescents and young adults (aged 12‐25 years)
Educational and skills‐based interventions for preventing relationship and dating violence in adolescents… (2013) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted10 studies · 6206 participantsModerate
Intervention NR
Skills related to relationship violence (0‐12 months) (higher score = better skills) · adolescents and young adults (aged 12‐25 years)
Educational and skills‐based interventions for preventing relationship and dating violence in adolescents… (2013) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted7 studies · 1369 participantsModerate
Intervention NR
Number reoffendingadministrative data · Offenders aged 7 to 21 years
Restorative justice conferencing for reducing recidivism in young offenders (aged 7 to 21) (2013) · Cochrane
OR 1 [0.59, 1.71]2 studies · 1029 participantsVery low
Intervention NR
Post‐intervention monthly offending rate (any offence)administrative data · Offenders aged 7 to 21 years
Restorative justice conferencing for reducing recidivism in young offenders (aged 7 to 21) (2013) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted2 studies · 321 participantsLow
Intervention NR
Remorseparticipant interviews · Offenders aged 7 to 21 years
Restorative justice conferencing for reducing recidivism in young offenders (aged 7 to 21) (2013) · Cochrane
OR 1.73 [0.97, 3.1]2 studies · 217 participantsVery low
Intervention NR
Recognition of wrongdoingparticipant interviews · Offenders aged 7 to 21 years
Restorative justice conferencing for reducing recidivism in young offenders (aged 7 to 21) (2013) · Cochrane
OR 1.97 [0.81, 4.8]2 studies · 217 participantsVery low
Intervention NR
Self‐perceptionparticipant interviews · Offenders aged 7 to 21 years
Restorative justice conferencing for reducing recidivism in young offenders (aged 7 to 21) (2013) · Cochrane
OR 0.95 [0.55, 1.63]2 studies · 217 participantsVery low
Intervention NR
Young offender satisfactionparticipant interviews · Offenders aged 7 to 21 years
Restorative justice conferencing for reducing recidivism in young offenders (aged 7 to 21) (2013) · Cochrane
OR 0.42 [0.05, 3.81]2 studies · 467 participantsVery low
Intervention NR
Victim/key stakeholder satisfaction with overall processparticipant interviews · Offenders aged 7 to 21 years
Restorative justice conferencing for reducing recidivism in young offenders (aged 7 to 21) (2013) · Cochrane
OR 4.03 [0.59, 27.75]2 studies · 428 participantsVery low