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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,361 questions in 120 reviews · Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems
current versionsNo studies 286 · 21%Ungraded 61 · 4.5%Very low 381 · 28%Low 381 · 28%Moderate 228 · 16.8%High 24 · 1.8%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Mindfulness‐enhanced parent training vs no‐treatment, waitlist, or attentional control Child emotional and behavioural adjustment; postintervention · parents of children between the ages of 0 and 18 years Mindfulness‐enhanced parenting programmes for improving the psychosocial outcomes of children (0 to 18… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 270 participants | Very low |
Mindfulness‐enhanced parent training vs parent training Parenting skills; postintervention · parents of children between the ages of 0 and 18 years Mindfulness‐enhanced parenting programmes for improving the psychosocial outcomes of children (0 to 18… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 319 participants | Very low |
Mindfulness‐enhanced parent training vs parent training Parental depression or anxiety; postintervention · parents of children between the ages of 0 and 18 years Mindfulness‐enhanced parenting programmes for improving the psychosocial outcomes of children (0 to 18… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 45 participants | Very low |
Mindfulness‐enhanced parent training vs parent training Parenting stress; postintervention · parents of children between the ages of 0 and 18 years Mindfulness‐enhanced parenting programmes for improving the psychosocial outcomes of children (0 to 18… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 150 participants | Low |
Mindfulness‐enhanced parent training vs parent training Parent mindfulness; postintervention · parents of children between the ages of 0 and 18 years Mindfulness‐enhanced parenting programmes for improving the psychosocial outcomes of children (0 to 18… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 412 participants | Very low |
Mindfulness‐enhanced parent training vs parent training Measures of self‐compassion · parents of children between the ages of 0 and 18 years Mindfulness‐enhanced parenting programmes for improving the psychosocial outcomes of children (0 to 18… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Mindfulness‐enhanced parent training vs no‐treatment, waitlist, or attentional control Adverse effects · parents of children between the ages of 0 and 18 years Mindfulness‐enhanced parenting programmes for improving the psychosocial outcomes of children (0 to 18… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Mindfulness‐enhanced parent training vs no‐treatment, waitlist, or attentional control Parenting skills; postintervention · parents of children between the ages of 0 and 18 years Mindfulness‐enhanced parenting programmes for improving the psychosocial outcomes of children (0 to 18… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 587 participants | Very low |
Mindfulness‐enhanced parent training vs no‐treatment, waitlist, or attentional control Parental depression or anxiety; postintervention · parents of children between the ages of 0 and 18 years Mindfulness‐enhanced parenting programmes for improving the psychosocial outcomes of children (0 to 18… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 75 participants | Very low |
Mindfulness‐enhanced parent training vs no‐treatment, waitlist, or attentional control Parenting stress; postintervention · parents of children between the ages of 0 and 18 years Mindfulness‐enhanced parenting programmes for improving the psychosocial outcomes of children (0 to 18… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 112 participants | Very low |
Mindfulness‐enhanced parent training vs no‐treatment, waitlist, or attentional control Parent mindfulness; postintervention · parents of children between the ages of 0 and 18 years Mindfulness‐enhanced parenting programmes for improving the psychosocial outcomes of children (0 to 18… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 515 participants | Very low |
Mindfulness‐enhanced parent training vs no‐treatment, waitlist, or attentional control Measures of self‐compassion · parents of children between the ages of 0 and 18 years Mindfulness‐enhanced parenting programmes for improving the psychosocial outcomes of children (0 to 18… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Mindfulness‐enhanced parent training vs parent training Child emotional and behavioural adjustment; postintervention · parents of children between the ages of 0 and 18 years Mindfulness‐enhanced parenting programmes for improving the psychosocial outcomes of children (0 to 18… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 203 participants | Very low |
Mindfulness‐enhanced parent training vs parent training Adverse effects · parents of children between the ages of 0 and 18 years Mindfulness‐enhanced parenting programmes for improving the psychosocial outcomes of children (0 to 18… (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Anger management vs wait‐list control Aggressive behaviour: severity of incidents: Aberrant Behaviour Checklist (ABC – irritability subscale – key worker report – post‐treatment (Analysis 1.2.1) · outwardly aggressive behaviour in people with intellectual disability Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 158 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Positive behavioural support vs treatment Mental state: Common Mental Disorder (CMD) – at 6 months (Analysis 2.2.1) (CMD) · people with outwardly aggressive behaviour and intellectual disability Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane | OR 1.44 [0.83, 2.49] | 1 study · 215 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Positive behavioural support vs treatment Quality of life ‐ not measured · people with outwardly aggressive behaviour and intellectual disability Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Positive behavioural support vs treatment Costs of service utilisation: mean health and social care costs per participant – at 12 months (Analysis 2.7.2) (Cost of service utilisation) · people with outwardly aggressive behaviour and intellectual disability Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 225 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Meditation based on mindfulness vs treatment Aggressive behaviour: frequency of incidents: number of incidents of physical aggression per week during treatment (12 weeks) – post‐treatment (Analysis 3.1) · people with outwardly aggressive behaviour and intellectual disability Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 34 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Meditation based on mindfulness vs treatment Ability to control anger ‐ not measured · people with outwardly aggressive behaviour and intellectual disability Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Meditation based on mindfulness vs treatment Adaptive functioning ‐ not measured · people with outwardly aggressive behaviour and intellectual disability Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Meditation based on mindfulness vs treatment Mental state ‐ not measured · people with outwardly aggressive behaviour and intellectual disability Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Meditation based on mindfulness vs treatment Quality of life ‐ not measured · people with outwardly aggressive behaviour and intellectual disability Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Meditation based on mindfulness vs treatment Cost of service utilisation ‐ not measured · people with outwardly aggressive behaviour and intellectual disability Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Mindfulness based on positive behaviour support vs positive behaviour support Aggressive behaviour: aggressive events – carer reports – post‐training (Analysis 4.1) · outwardly aggressive behaviour in people with intellectual disability Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 128 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Anger management vs wait‐list control Ability to control anger: Provocation Inventory (PI) – self‐report – post‐treatment (Analysis 1.17.1) · outwardly aggressive behaviour in people with intellectual disability Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 212 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Mindfulness based on positive behaviour support vs positive behaviour support Ability to control anger ‐ not measured · outwardly aggressive behaviour in people with intellectual disability Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Mindfulness based on positive behaviour support vs positive behaviour support Adaptive functioning ‐ not measured · outwardly aggressive behaviour in people with intellectual disability Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Mindfulness based on positive behaviour support vs positive behaviour support Mental state ‐ not measured · outwardly aggressive behaviour in people with intellectual disability Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Mindfulness based on positive behaviour support vs positive behaviour support Quality of life ‐ not measured · outwardly aggressive behaviour in people with intellectual disability Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Mindfulness based on positive behaviour support vs positive behaviour support Cost of service utilisation ‐ not measured · outwardly aggressive behaviour in people with intellectual disability Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Anger management vs wait‐list control Adaptive functioning: Adaptive Behaviour Scale – Revised, Part II (ABS‐II) (Analysis 1.26) · outwardly aggressive behaviour in people with intellectual disability Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 28 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Anger management vs wait‐list control Mental state: psychiatric symptoms measured using the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) (Analysis 1.27) · outwardly aggressive behaviour in people with intellectual disability Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 28 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Anger management vs wait‐list control Quality of life: Comprehensive Quality of Life Scale: Intellectual Disability (COMQoL‐ID) – post‐treatment (Analysis 1.32.1) · outwardly aggressive behaviour in people with intellectual disability Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 129 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Anger management vs wait‐list control Costs of service utilisation: Client Service Receipt Inventory (CSRI): cost per person per week of health and social care resource (in British pounds (GBP)) – · outwardly aggressive behaviour in people with intellectual disability Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 133 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Positive behavioural support vs treatment Aggressive behaviour: Aberrant Behaviour Checklist (ABC) Total – at 6 months (Analysis 2.1.1) · people with outwardly aggressive behaviour and intellectual disability Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 275 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Positive behavioural support vs treatment Ability to control anger ‐ not measured · people with outwardly aggressive behaviour and intellectual disability Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Positive behavioural support vs treatment Adaptive functioning ‐ not measured · people with outwardly aggressive behaviour and intellectual disability Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ PUFA vs placebo ADHD symptoms – improvement – medium term · children and adolescents with ADHD Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.95 [1.47, 2.6] | 3 studies · 191 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ PUFA vs placebo ADHD symptoms – total, parent‐rated – medium term · children and adolescents with ADHD Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 16 studies · 1166 participants | High |
Summary of findings table ‐ PUFA vs placebo ADHD symptoms – inattention, parent‐rated – medium term · children and adolescents with ADHD Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 12 studies · 960 participants | High |
Summary of findings table ‐ PUFA vs placebo ADHD symptoms – hyperactivity/impulsivity, parent‐rated – medium term · children and adolescents with ADHD Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 869 participants | High |
Summary of findings table ‐ PUFA vs placebo Side effects – overall · children and adolescents with ADHD Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.69, 1.52] | 8 studies · 591 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ PUFA vs placebo Loss to · children and adolescents with ADHD Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.77, 1.37] | 13 studies · 1121 participants | Moderate |
Zinc supplementation vs no zinc supplementation All‐cause mortality · otherwise healthy children aged 6 months to 12 years of age Zinc supplementation for preventing mortality, morbidity, and growth failure in children aged 6 months to 12… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.84, 1.03] | 16 studies · 143474 participants | High |
Zinc supplementation vs no zinc supplementation Mortality due to all‐cause diarrhea · otherwise healthy children aged 6 months to 12 years of age Zinc supplementation for preventing mortality, morbidity, and growth failure in children aged 6 months to 12… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.69, 1.31] | 4 studies · 132321 participants | Moderate |
Zinc supplementation vs no zinc supplementation Mortality due to LRTI · otherwise healthy children aged 6 months to 12 years of age Zinc supplementation for preventing mortality, morbidity, and growth failure in children aged 6 months to 12… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.64, 1.15] | 3 studies · 132063 participants | Moderate |
Zinc supplementation vs no zinc supplementation Mortality due to malaria · otherwise healthy children aged 6 months to 12 years of age Zinc supplementation for preventing mortality, morbidity, and growth failure in children aged 6 months to 12… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.77, 1.06] | 2 studies · 42818 participants | Moderate |
Zinc supplementation vs no zinc supplementation Incidence of all‐cause diarrhea · otherwise healthy children aged 6 months to 12 years of age Zinc supplementation for preventing mortality, morbidity, and growth failure in children aged 6 months to 12… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.9, 0.93] | 39 studies · 19468 participants | Moderate |
Zinc supplementation vs no zinc supplementation Incidence of LRTI · otherwise healthy children aged 6 months to 12 years of age Zinc supplementation for preventing mortality, morbidity, and growth failure in children aged 6 months to 12… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.95, 1.08] | 19 studies · 10555 participants | High |