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Search review questions

Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

Limit to evidence status or GRADE (optional)

1,361 questions in 120 reviews · Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems

current versions
No studies 286 · 21%Ungraded 61 · 4.5%Very low 381 · 28%Low 381 · 28%Moderate 228 · 16.8%High 24 · 1.8%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

QuestionEffectEvidenceStatus / GRADE
Mindfulness‐enhanced parent training vs no‐treatment, waitlist, or attentional control
Child emotional and behavioural adjustment; postintervention · parents of children between the ages of 0 and 18 years
Mindfulness‐enhanced parenting programmes for improving the psychosocial outcomes of children (0 to 18… (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted3 studies · 270 participantsVery low
Mindfulness‐enhanced parent training vs parent training
Parenting skills; postintervention · parents of children between the ages of 0 and 18 years
Mindfulness‐enhanced parenting programmes for improving the psychosocial outcomes of children (0 to 18… (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted3 studies · 319 participantsVery low
Mindfulness‐enhanced parent training vs parent training
Parental depression or anxiety; postintervention · parents of children between the ages of 0 and 18 years
Mindfulness‐enhanced parenting programmes for improving the psychosocial outcomes of children (0 to 18… (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 45 participantsVery low
Mindfulness‐enhanced parent training vs parent training
Parenting stress; postintervention · parents of children between the ages of 0 and 18 years
Mindfulness‐enhanced parenting programmes for improving the psychosocial outcomes of children (0 to 18… (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted3 studies · 150 participantsLow
Mindfulness‐enhanced parent training vs parent training
Parent mindfulness; postintervention · parents of children between the ages of 0 and 18 years
Mindfulness‐enhanced parenting programmes for improving the psychosocial outcomes of children (0 to 18… (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted4 studies · 412 participantsVery low
Mindfulness‐enhanced parent training vs parent training
Measures of self‐compassion · parents of children between the ages of 0 and 18 years
Mindfulness‐enhanced parenting programmes for improving the psychosocial outcomes of children (0 to 18… (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Mindfulness‐enhanced parent training vs no‐treatment, waitlist, or attentional control
Adverse effects · parents of children between the ages of 0 and 18 years
Mindfulness‐enhanced parenting programmes for improving the psychosocial outcomes of children (0 to 18… (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Mindfulness‐enhanced parent training vs no‐treatment, waitlist, or attentional control
Parenting skills; postintervention · parents of children between the ages of 0 and 18 years
Mindfulness‐enhanced parenting programmes for improving the psychosocial outcomes of children (0 to 18… (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted3 studies · 587 participantsVery low
Mindfulness‐enhanced parent training vs no‐treatment, waitlist, or attentional control
Parental depression or anxiety; postintervention · parents of children between the ages of 0 and 18 years
Mindfulness‐enhanced parenting programmes for improving the psychosocial outcomes of children (0 to 18… (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 75 participantsVery low
Mindfulness‐enhanced parent training vs no‐treatment, waitlist, or attentional control
Parenting stress; postintervention · parents of children between the ages of 0 and 18 years
Mindfulness‐enhanced parenting programmes for improving the psychosocial outcomes of children (0 to 18… (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted2 studies · 112 participantsVery low
Mindfulness‐enhanced parent training vs no‐treatment, waitlist, or attentional control
Parent mindfulness; postintervention · parents of children between the ages of 0 and 18 years
Mindfulness‐enhanced parenting programmes for improving the psychosocial outcomes of children (0 to 18… (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted3 studies · 515 participantsVery low
Mindfulness‐enhanced parent training vs no‐treatment, waitlist, or attentional control
Measures of self‐compassion · parents of children between the ages of 0 and 18 years
Mindfulness‐enhanced parenting programmes for improving the psychosocial outcomes of children (0 to 18… (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Mindfulness‐enhanced parent training vs parent training
Child emotional and behavioural adjustment; postintervention · parents of children between the ages of 0 and 18 years
Mindfulness‐enhanced parenting programmes for improving the psychosocial outcomes of children (0 to 18… (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted5 studies · 203 participantsVery low
Mindfulness‐enhanced parent training vs parent training
Adverse effects · parents of children between the ages of 0 and 18 years
Mindfulness‐enhanced parenting programmes for improving the psychosocial outcomes of children (0 to 18… (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings table ‐ Anger management vs wait‐list control
Aggressive behaviour: severity of incidents: Aberrant Behaviour Checklist (ABC – irritability subscale – key worker report – post‐treatment (Analysis 1.2.1) · outwardly aggressive behaviour in people with intellectual disability
Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 158 participantsModerate
Summary of findings table ‐ Positive behavioural support vs treatment
Mental state: Common Mental Disorder (CMD) – at 6 months (Analysis 2.2.1) (CMD) · people with outwardly aggressive behaviour and intellectual disability
Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane
OR 1.44 [0.83, 2.49]1 study · 215 participantsLow
Summary of findings table ‐ Positive behavioural support vs treatment
Quality of life ‐ not measured · people with outwardly aggressive behaviour and intellectual disability
Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings table ‐ Positive behavioural support vs treatment
Costs of service utilisation: mean health and social care costs per participant – at 12 months (Analysis 2.7.2) (Cost of service utilisation) · people with outwardly aggressive behaviour and intellectual disability
Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 225 participantsVery low
Summary of findings table ‐ Meditation based on mindfulness vs treatment
Aggressive behaviour: frequency of incidents: number of incidents of physical aggression per week during treatment (12 weeks) – post‐treatment (Analysis 3.1) · people with outwardly aggressive behaviour and intellectual disability
Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 34 participantsVery low
Summary of findings table ‐ Meditation based on mindfulness vs treatment
Ability to control anger ‐ not measured · people with outwardly aggressive behaviour and intellectual disability
Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings table ‐ Meditation based on mindfulness vs treatment
Adaptive functioning ‐ not measured · people with outwardly aggressive behaviour and intellectual disability
Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings table ‐ Meditation based on mindfulness vs treatment
Mental state ‐ not measured · people with outwardly aggressive behaviour and intellectual disability
Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings table ‐ Meditation based on mindfulness vs treatment
Quality of life ‐ not measured · people with outwardly aggressive behaviour and intellectual disability
Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings table ‐ Meditation based on mindfulness vs treatment
Cost of service utilisation ‐ not measured · people with outwardly aggressive behaviour and intellectual disability
Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings table ‐ Mindfulness based on positive behaviour support vs positive behaviour support
Aggressive behaviour: aggressive events – carer reports – post‐training (Analysis 4.1) · outwardly aggressive behaviour in people with intellectual disability
Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted2 studies · 128 participantsLow
Summary of findings table ‐ Anger management vs wait‐list control
Ability to control anger: Provocation Inventory (PI) – self‐report – post‐treatment (Analysis 1.17.1) · outwardly aggressive behaviour in people with intellectual disability
Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted3 studies · 212 participantsVery low
Summary of findings table ‐ Mindfulness based on positive behaviour support vs positive behaviour support
Ability to control anger ‐ not measured · outwardly aggressive behaviour in people with intellectual disability
Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings table ‐ Mindfulness based on positive behaviour support vs positive behaviour support
Adaptive functioning ‐ not measured · outwardly aggressive behaviour in people with intellectual disability
Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings table ‐ Mindfulness based on positive behaviour support vs positive behaviour support
Mental state ‐ not measured · outwardly aggressive behaviour in people with intellectual disability
Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings table ‐ Mindfulness based on positive behaviour support vs positive behaviour support
Quality of life ‐ not measured · outwardly aggressive behaviour in people with intellectual disability
Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings table ‐ Mindfulness based on positive behaviour support vs positive behaviour support
Cost of service utilisation ‐ not measured · outwardly aggressive behaviour in people with intellectual disability
Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings table ‐ Anger management vs wait‐list control
Adaptive functioning: Adaptive Behaviour Scale – Revised, Part II (ABS‐II) (Analysis 1.26) · outwardly aggressive behaviour in people with intellectual disability
Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 28 participantsVery low
Summary of findings table ‐ Anger management vs wait‐list control
Mental state: psychiatric symptoms measured using the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) (Analysis 1.27) · outwardly aggressive behaviour in people with intellectual disability
Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 28 participantsVery low
Summary of findings table ‐ Anger management vs wait‐list control
Quality of life: Comprehensive Quality of Life Scale: Intellectual Disability (COMQoL‐ID) – post‐treatment (Analysis 1.32.1) · outwardly aggressive behaviour in people with intellectual disability
Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 129 participantsVery low
Summary of findings table ‐ Anger management vs wait‐list control
Costs of service utilisation: Client Service Receipt Inventory (CSRI): cost per person per week of health and social care resource (in British pounds (GBP)) – · outwardly aggressive behaviour in people with intellectual disability
Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 133 participantsVery low
Summary of findings table ‐ Positive behavioural support vs treatment
Aggressive behaviour: Aberrant Behaviour Checklist (ABC) Total – at 6 months (Analysis 2.1.1) · people with outwardly aggressive behaviour and intellectual disability
Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted2 studies · 275 participantsModerate
Summary of findings table ‐ Positive behavioural support vs treatment
Ability to control anger ‐ not measured · people with outwardly aggressive behaviour and intellectual disability
Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings table ‐ Positive behavioural support vs treatment
Adaptive functioning ‐ not measured · people with outwardly aggressive behaviour and intellectual disability
Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural interventions for outwardly directed aggressive behaviour in people… (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings table ‐ PUFA vs placebo
ADHD symptoms – improvement – medium term · children and adolescents with ADHD
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and… (2023) · Cochrane
RR 1.95 [1.47, 2.6]3 studies · 191 participantsLow
Summary of findings table ‐ PUFA vs placebo
ADHD symptoms – total, parent‐rated – medium term · children and adolescents with ADHD
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and… (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted16 studies · 1166 participantsHigh
Summary of findings table ‐ PUFA vs placebo
ADHD symptoms – inattention, parent‐rated – medium term · children and adolescents with ADHD
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and… (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted12 studies · 960 participantsHigh
Summary of findings table ‐ PUFA vs placebo
ADHD symptoms – hyperactivity/impulsivity, parent‐rated – medium term · children and adolescents with ADHD
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and… (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted10 studies · 869 participantsHigh
Summary of findings table ‐ PUFA vs placebo
Side effects – overall · children and adolescents with ADHD
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and… (2023) · Cochrane
RR 1.02 [0.69, 1.52]8 studies · 591 participantsModerate
Summary of findings table ‐ PUFA vs placebo
Loss to · children and adolescents with ADHD
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and… (2023) · Cochrane
RR 1.03 [0.77, 1.37]13 studies · 1121 participantsModerate
Zinc supplementation vs no zinc supplementation
All‐cause mortality · otherwise healthy children aged 6 months to 12 years of age
Zinc supplementation for preventing mortality, morbidity, and growth failure in children aged 6 months to 12… (2023) · Cochrane
RR 0.93 [0.84, 1.03]16 studies · 143474 participantsHigh
Zinc supplementation vs no zinc supplementation
Mortality due to all‐cause diarrhea · otherwise healthy children aged 6 months to 12 years of age
Zinc supplementation for preventing mortality, morbidity, and growth failure in children aged 6 months to 12… (2023) · Cochrane
RR 0.95 [0.69, 1.31]4 studies · 132321 participantsModerate
Zinc supplementation vs no zinc supplementation
Mortality due to LRTI · otherwise healthy children aged 6 months to 12 years of age
Zinc supplementation for preventing mortality, morbidity, and growth failure in children aged 6 months to 12… (2023) · Cochrane
RR 0.86 [0.64, 1.15]3 studies · 132063 participantsModerate
Zinc supplementation vs no zinc supplementation
Mortality due to malaria · otherwise healthy children aged 6 months to 12 years of age
Zinc supplementation for preventing mortality, morbidity, and growth failure in children aged 6 months to 12… (2023) · Cochrane
RR 0.9 [0.77, 1.06]2 studies · 42818 participantsModerate
Zinc supplementation vs no zinc supplementation
Incidence of all‐cause diarrhea · otherwise healthy children aged 6 months to 12 years of age
Zinc supplementation for preventing mortality, morbidity, and growth failure in children aged 6 months to 12… (2023) · Cochrane
RR 0.91 [0.9, 0.93]39 studies · 19468 participantsModerate
Zinc supplementation vs no zinc supplementation
Incidence of LRTI · otherwise healthy children aged 6 months to 12 years of age
Zinc supplementation for preventing mortality, morbidity, and growth failure in children aged 6 months to 12… (2023) · Cochrane
RR 1.01 [0.95, 1.08]19 studies · 10555 participantsHigh